CO2 Mitigation in the Power Sector of Thailand: Analyses of Cleaner Supply-side Options Beyond the Paris Agreement

Abstract

Background: The drastically increasing share of fossil fuel supply to meet the rapidly growing electricity demand resulting in increasing Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, is the major concern in Thailand. In 2015, fossil fuels used in electricity generation in Thailand accounted for around 85.3% of the total electricity generation. Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze carbon dioxide mitigation options under the cleaner supply-side option beyond the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Thailand. Methods: In this study, the Long-range Energy Planning (LEAP) model is used to analyze the share of electricity generation and CO2 mitigation from four main different scenarios, namely Business-as-Usual (BAU), Renewable Energy (RE), Carbon Capture Storage (CCS), and Carbon Tax (CT) scenarios during 2015 to 2050. The BAU scenario is constructed following the power development targets of the Power Development Plan in 2015. Results: The results illustrate that in the BAU scenario, electricity generation and carbon dioxide emissions from the power sector will increase by 57.7% and 37.3%, respectively in 2050 as compared to 2015. The imposition of carbon tax of $20/tCO2 from 2020 and an increase to $500/t CO2 by 2050 will have a high potential to reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector as compared with other scenarios. Conclusion: Results show that except for the RE scenarios considering the lower share of solar and biomass, all scenarios would help Thailand in achieving the target of INDC by 2030. Results provide that the share of imported electricity is higher with the imposition of carbon tax as compared to the scenarios with the promotion of renewable energy, CCS and EV technology.

Assessing the Greenhouse Gas Impact of a Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff Policy in Mozambique: Towards NDC Ambition and Recommendations to Effectively Measure, Report, and Verify Its Implementation

“…Figure 4 shows emissions by gas and indicates that carbon dioxide is the main type of GHG emission from electricity generation in the baseline scenario. This finding is in line with a previous study [49] in which carbon dioxide was found to constitute the main type of GHG emission.…”

“…Therefore, the full implementation of the REFIT policy would result in higher emission reductions than expected under the NDC scenario, as can be seen in Table 10. However, if placed in an international scale, these results are lower than those reported by previous studies [49][50][51]. This is as expected because REFIT policies are different.…”

“…Chhay used the ICAT guidelines and LEAP modeling tool in their study to assess the GHG mitigation potential for renewables beyond Thailand's NDC. The authors developed and compared three scenarios, namely a BAU scenario, a carbon capture and storage scenario, and a carbon tax scenario, from 2015 to 2050 [49]. The results revealed potential decreases in CO 2 emissions and electricity generation, compared to the BAU scenario, of 37.3% and 57.7%, respectively, in 2050 compared to 2015.…”

“…The results revealed potential decreases in CO 2 emissions and electricity generation, compared to the BAU scenario, of 37.3% and 57.7%, respectively, in 2050 compared to 2015. The high potential for CO 2 emissions reduction was realized by the imposition of a carbon tax [49]. In addition, it was found that Thailand would meet its NDCs (20% of GHG reduction) by 2030.…”

“…As expected, the highest emission reductions are obtained with the REFIT Ambition scenario, estimated at an additional 1.41 MtCO 2 eq and 11.25 MtCO 2 eq, resulting in emission savings of 4.5% and 16.4%, for 2020-2025 and 2025-2030, respectively. A full-scale implementation strategy is what other countries are envisioning, as reported in previous studies [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”