“…When rock is under high in-situ stress and dynamic loading conditions, plastic deformation occurs and extensive micro-cracks are produced. During the loading test, the internal characteristics of the rock will be deteriorated, and irreversible damage in the internal structure of the rock will occur (Chen et al, 2012;Liu and Xu, 2015;Luo et al, 2014). To describe the irreversible damage, continuum damage mechanics was developed, and the damage variable was defined by many properties of materials, such as elastic modulus, maximum strain and ultrasonic wave velocity (Ju, 1989(Ju, , 1990Rejovitzky and Altus, 2013;Voyiadjis and Kattan, 2009).…”