Coarse and fine N1 tuning for print in younger and older Chinese children: Orthography, phonology, or semantics driven?

Association of the DYX1C1 Gene with Chinese Literacy in a Healthy Chinese Population

“…Cognitive-linguistic and literacy measures, including non-verbal intelligence, rapid digit naming, phonological awareness, lexical decision, morphological construction, vocabulary knowledge, pure copying, delayed copying, and spelling were given to the participants as described previously [22] . For rapid digit naming, the child will be asked to name 8 rows of 5 digits given to them rapidly.…”

“…There was a study showing that in a group 248 children in Beijing, there was marginal association of certain SNPs of DYX1C1 (rs11629841) with children's orthographic judgements for children at age 7 and 8 but less so at age 6, and association of this SNP was found with Chinese character dictation at ages 9, 10 and 11 years, but no significant association with other SNPs of DYX1C1 they have studied (rs3743205 or rs57809907) [8] . The role of environmental factors in literacy skills has also been studied previously [21], [22] .…”

Hemispheric lateralization in visual word processing : evidence from ERP

“…In a recent presentation by van Setten, Martinez-Ferreiro, Maurits, and Maassen (2018), preliminary findings showed that 12-year-old normal Dutch readers exhibit rightlateralized N170 for words. Bilateral coarse N1 tuning effects were also seen in young Chinese readers (7.7 years old), but in older children (9.4 years old) the effect was leftlateralized, although overall the N170 topography for real characters was bilateral (Tong et al, 2016). The bilateral or even right-lateralized N170 responses in children up to 12 years old contrast with the typical left-lateralized topography in adult readers, and it is unclear from the literature at which point in the reading development trajectory the leftlateralized N170 emerges.…”

“…In general, coarse N1 print tuning effects are more well-validated than fine N1 print tuning effects. Greater N170 amplitudes for orthographic stimuli than for symbols are commonly reported (e.g., Rossion et al, 2002;Cao et al, 2011;Maurer et al, 2005;Tong et al, 2016;Eberhard-Moscicka et al, 2015). However, the coarse N1 print tuning effects can be diminished when the visual control is wellmatched with the orthographic stimuli on low-level visual features (Brem et al, 2013;Xue et al, 2008).…”

“…tuning was also found to be an index of reading fluency (Tong et al, 2016), although the degree of tuning is thought to be driven by orthographic, rather than phonological, processing. In adults, the relationship between print tuning and reading abilities was often demonstrated in dyslexia studies, where dyslexics have a marked absence of print tuning (Mahe et al, 2012;Setten et al, 2018), but studies investigating print tuning variations within normal readers are scarce.…”