Cobalt in end-of-life products in the EU, where does it end up? - The MaTrace approach

León, María Fernanda Godoy; Blengini, Gian Andrea; Dewulf, Jo

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104842

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…We found that in 2017, the 218,850 battery electric (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid (PHEVs) passenger vehicles registered in the EU (accounting for 1.4% of the total vehicles sales) consumed 1.2kt Co, accounting for 1% of the global Co mine production. Data for 2016 highlights a total consumption of 34.9kt of Co in the EU, with LIBs for portable devices accounted for the largest consumption (14.8kt) followed by hard metals (7.9kt) and superalloys (7.1kt) 27 . Co embedded in EVs in the EU is therefore still comparatively small.…”

Section: Ev Sales and The Flow Of Cobalt Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

et al. 2020

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The wide adoption of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) will require increased natural resources for the automotive industry. The expected rapid increase in batteries could result in new resource challenges and supply chain risks. To strengthen the resilience and sustainability of automotive supply chains and reduce primary resource requirements, circular economy strategies are needed. Here we illustrate how these strategies can reduce primary raw material extraction i.e. cobalt supplies. Material flow analysis is applied to understand current and future flows of cobalt embedded in EVs batteries across the European Union. A reference scenario is presented and compared with four strategies: technology driven substitution and technology driven reduction of cobalt, new business models to stimulate battery reuse/recycling and policy driven strategy to increase recycling. We find that new technologies provide the most promising strategies to reduce the reliance on cobalt significantly but could result in burden shifting such as an increase in nickel demand. To avoid the latter, technological developments should therefore be combined with an efficient recycling system. We conclude that more ambitious circular economy strategies, at both government and business levels, are urgently needed to address current and future resource challenges across the supply chain successfully.

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Section: Ev Sales and The Flow Of Cobalt Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

et al. 2020

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“…34 Although it is convenient to handle the catalyst precursors under ambient atmosphere, such in situ catalyst preparation methods have the drawback of producing significant amounts of additional cobalt waste, and thus, cause a reduced cost-effectiveness, potential quality issues of the product (Co threshold values in final product) and complex waste streams if a large-scale process is considered. 35 Therefore, we consider the adduct of [Lewis acid][Co(CO) 4 ] as the most sustainable and economically viable catalyst approach for an industrially viable epoxide carbonylation process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning CO/CO₂-containing industrial process gas into valuable building blocks for the polyurethane industry

et al. 2022

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“…Critical metals are necessary for almost all emerging technologies in various sectors including transport electrification and renewable energy, thus their supply remains unaffected by technological barriers and trade limitations. Future activities and policies should focus on extraction of critical metals from "difficult to mine resources", secondary materials and wastes, while end-of-life recycling needs to be intensified [34,35].…”

Section: Criticality Of Raw Materials At the Eu Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social License to Operate in Mining: Present Views and Future Trends

Komnitsas

2020

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The social license to operate (SLO) is an informal social contract that aims to bridge the gap among the views of the most important stakeholders involved in mining activities. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that it discusses the current situation and the future prospects of granting a SLO, mainly at the European Union (EU) level, by considering the mine of the future, in terms of deep sea and landfill mining, and the criticality of raw materials that are required by high tech products as well as by emerging and green technologies. Also, it highlights the factors that may affect the views of all involved stakeholders, focusing on the joint efforts that are required by the industry and the society as well as on the main technological, social, political and legal issues which are relevant to the process. It is believed that if trust is developed between the involved stakeholders the SLO may prove an important tool in future mining in order to safeguard the supply of raw materials, minimize the environmental footprint and improve the quality of life in the affected regions. Finally, a conceptual flowsheet involving the main steps that may be followed for granting a SLO is proposed.

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Cobalt in end-of-life products in the EU, where does it end up? - The MaTrace approach

Cited by 25 publications

References 24 publications

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Turning CO/CO₂-containing industrial process gas into valuable building blocks for the polyurethane industry

Social License to Operate in Mining: Present Views and Future Trends

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Cobalt in end-of-life products in the EU, where does it end up? - The MaTrace approach

Cited by 25 publications

References 24 publications

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Turning CO/CO2-containing industrial process gas into valuable building blocks for the polyurethane industry

Social License to Operate in Mining: Present Views and Future Trends

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Turning CO/CO₂-containing industrial process gas into valuable building blocks for the polyurethane industry