Cocaine‐ and Amphetamine‐Regulated Transcript is Overexpressed in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of Pregnant Rats

Valera, Adriana Gonzalez; Cavalcante, Judney Cley; Elias, Carol F.; Felício, Luciano Freitas

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01457.x

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, E did not regulate basal CART expression in that area (Nedungadi & Briski 2007). During pregnancy, when serum P is elevated, rats show increased CART expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), a nucleus governing maternal behavior and GnRH release (Valera et al 2006). The latter data are consistent with our observation that P increased CART immunostained area, as well as the number of detectable neurons in the midbrain.…”

Section: Effects Of E and P Administrationsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…CART mRNA and protein are expressed in various areas of the brain of humans, monkeys and rats, including hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal (Douglass et al 1995;Vrang 2006;Koylu et al 1997;Valera et al 2006); limbic system (Hurd & Fagergren 2000), and sensory cortex (Hurd & Fagergren 2000). CART is modified by posttranslational processing and several CART peptide fragments exist in the brain (Dylag et al, 2006;Thim et al 1999;Kuhar & Yoho 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

et al. 2008

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CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) is a neuropeptide involved in the control of several physiological processes, such as response to psychostimulants, food intake, depressive diseases and neuroprotection. It is robustly expressed in the brain, mainly in regions that control emotional and stress responses and it is regulated by estrogen in the hypothalamus. There is a distinct population of CART neurons located in the vicinity of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain that also colocalize urocortin-1. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the distribution of CART immunoreactive neurons in the monkey midbrain, 2) to examine the effects of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on midbrain CART mRNA and peptide expression and 3) to determine whether midbrain CART neurons contain steroid receptors. Adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were spayed and either treated with placebo (OVX), estrogen alone (E), progesterone alone (P) or E + P. Animals were prepared (a) for RNA extraction followed by microarray analysis and quantitative (q) RT-PCR (n=3/group); (b) for immunohistochemical analysis of CART and CART +tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), CART+estrogen receptors (ER) or CART+progesterone receptors (n=5/group) and (c) for western blots (n=3/group). Both E− and E+P-administration decreased CART gene expression on the microarray and with qRT-PCR. Stereological analysis of CART immunostaining at five levels of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus indicated little effect of E or E + P administration on the area of CART immunostaining. However, P administration increased CARTimmunopositive area in comparison to the OVX control group with Student's t-test, but not with ANOVA. CART 55-102 detection on western blot was unchanged by hormone administration. ERβand PR were detected in CART neurons and CART fibers appeared to innervate TPH-positive serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe. In summary, E decreased CART mRNA, but this effect did not translate to the protein level. Moreover, P administration alone had a variable effect on CART mRNA, but it caused an increase in CART immunostaining. Together, the data suggest that CART neurons in the midbrain have a unique steroid response, which may be mediated by nuclear receptors, neuroactive steroids or interneurons.

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Section: Effects Of E and P Administrationsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

et al. 2008

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“…However, there is a very small population of CART-immunoreactive fibers that do contain SOM, CCK or SP in this area. CART and NPY are both major regulatory peptides involved in feeding behavior and other neurobiologic effects [16,21,36]. They are both found in areas associated with feeding in mammals, but they act inversely to each other [37,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, CART is considered to be an anorexigenic peptide. Although most studies have looked at CART action in the brain areas related to feeding behavior, a recent investigation has suggested that CART may play a role in the regulation of gonadotropin release [20], as well as in the mechanism involved in the initiation of maternal behavior [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and chemical coding pattern of the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) immunoreactivity in the preoptic area of the pig

Bogus‐Nowakowska¹,

Robak²,

Równiak³

et al. 2012

Folia Histochem Cytobiol.

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Abstract:This study provides a detailed description of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) distribution and the co-localization pattern of CART and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and substance P (SP) in the preoptic area (POA) of the domestic pig. The POA displays a low density of immunoreactive cells and rich immunoreactivity for CART in fibers. CART-immunoreactive (CART-IR) cell bodies were single and faintly stained, and located in the medial preoptic area (MPA) and the periventricular region of the POA. A high density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periventricular preoptic nucleus (PPN); a high to moderate density of fibers was observed in the MPA; but in the dorso-medial region of the MPA the highest density of fibers in the whole POA was observed. The lateral preoptic area (LPA) exhibited a less dense concentration of CART-immunoreactive fibers than the MPA. The median preoptic nucleus (MPN) showed moderate to low expression of staining fibers. In the present study, dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to show that CART-IR cell bodies do not contain any GnRH and SP. CART-positive fibers were identified in close apposition with GnRH neurons. This suggests that CART may influence GnRH secretion. Double staining revealed that CART-IR structures do not co-express any of the substances we studied, but a very small population of CART-IR fibers also contain

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“…A recently discovered neuropeptide, co-caine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), has also been reported to be involved in the neural regulation of reproduction. CART is expressed in the hypothalamus, the key area involved in the central regulation of reproductive processes (Valera et al, 2006;Vrang et al, 2006), and CART-containing axon terminals were observed on GnRH-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the Siberian hamster and the rat (Leslie et al, 2001;Rondini et al, 2004). CART mRNA and peptide are abundantly present in the pituitary (Koylu et al, 1997;Thim et al, 1999), and localized in the cells that secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (LH) (Kuriyama et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive phase‐related variations in cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) in the olfactory system, forebrain, and pituitary of the female catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

Barsagade

Mazumdar

Singru

et al. 2010

J of Comparative Neurology

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The annual sexual cycle of Clarias batrachus is divisible into resting (December-January), preparatory (February-April), prespawning (May-June), spawning (July- August), and postspawning (September-November) phases. The gonosomatic indices rose steadily through the preparatory and prespawning phases, peaked in the spawning phase, and were greatly reduced during the postspawning and resting phases. A clear pattern of change was also identified in the immunocytochemical profile of the luteinizing hormone (LH) cells in the pituitary. These changes were correlated with the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-immunoreactive system in the forebrain and pituitary. In the olfactory bulb, CART immunoreactivity in the terminal fields of the mitral cell layer, granule cells, and medial olfactory tracts gradually decreased during the resting through prespawning phases. However, it was considerably augmented during spawning (P < 0.001) and showed highest activity in the postspawning phase (P < 0.001). A different pattern was noticed in the fibers and/or neurons of the lateral part of ventral telencephalic area, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the dorsal part of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis. In these areas, intense immunoreactivity seen in preparatory phase, declined during prespawning (P < 0.01) then through spawning, and was partially augmented during the postspawning and resting phases (P < 0.05). A similar pattern was also seen in the nucleus preglomerulosus lateralis and medialis, nucleus dorsalis posterioris of thalamus, lobobulbar nucleus, and the nucleus of posterior recess. CART was transiently expressed in LH cells in the pituitary during the preparatory period. We suggest that the CART system may play a role in triggering the brain-pituitary-ovary axis at the onset of the preparatory phase.

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Cocaine‐ and Amphetamine‐Regulated Transcript is Overexpressed in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of Pregnant Rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

Distribution and chemical coding pattern of the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) immunoreactivity in the preoptic area of the pig

Reproductive phase‐related variations in cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) in the olfactory system, forebrain, and pituitary of the female catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

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