Cocaine and Pregnancy: Maternal and Infant Outcome

Livesay, Susan; Ehrlich, Saundra M.; Ryan, Lynn; Finnegan, Loretta P.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb21038.x

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Timing of insult.-The cocaine-exposed infants in the present study had a lower birthweight, shorter length, and smaller head circumference than controls. Similar findings have been reported in other studies of cocaine-exposed infants (Bingol et al, 1987;Chasnoff & MacCregor, 1987;Cherukuri et al, 1988;Fulroth et al, 1989;Hadeed & Siegel, 1989;Livesay et al, 1987;Oro & Dixon, 1987;Ryan et al, 1987;Zuckerman et al, 1989). We did not observe effects of cocaine on the weight-for-length ratio of the ponderal index.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These findings are supported by three studies showing higher scores on abstinence scales indicative of withdrawal in exposed infants (Doberczak et al, 1988;Fulroth et al, 1989;Oro & Dixon, 1987). However, no evidence of symptomatology was reported in five studies (Dixon & Behar, 1989;Hadeed & Siegel, 1989;Livesay et al, 1987;Madden etal., 1986;Ryan etal., 1987). In fact, Livesay et al (1987) reported significantly lower total abstinence scores for cocaine-exposed infants, including individual item effects for cry, tremors, and tone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…However, no evidence of symptomatology was reported in five studies (Dixon & Behar, 1989;Hadeed & Siegel, 1989;Livesay et al, 1987;Madden etal., 1986;Ryan etal., 1987). In fact, Livesay et al (1987) reported significantly lower total abstinence scores for cocaine-exposed infants, including individual item effects for cry, tremors, and tone. Ryan et al (1987) reported no statistically significant differences in abstinence scores between cocaine-exposed infants and controls, but noted that the cocaine infants had lower scores on 19 of the 21 items on the abstinence scale.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Neurobehavioral Syndromes in Cocaine-Exposed Newborn Infants

Lester¹,

Corwin²,

Sepkoski³

et al. 1991

Child Development

104

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The effects of fetal cocaine exposure on newborn cry characteristics were studied in 80 cocaine-exposed and 80 control infants. The groups were stratified to be similar on maternal demographic characteristics and maternal use of other illegal substances and alcohol during pregnancy. The hypothesis was that excitable cry characteristics were related to the direct effects of cocaine, while depressed cry characteristics were related to the indirect effects of cocaine secondary to low birthweight. Structural equation modeling (EQS) showed direct effects of cocaine on cries with a longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, and a higher and more variable first formant frequency. Indirect effects of cocaine secondary to low birthweight resulted in cries with a longer latency, fewer utterances, lower amplitude, and more dysphonation. Cocaine-exposed infants had a lower birthweight, shorter length, and smaller head circumference than the unexposed controls. Findings were consistent with the notion that 2 neurobehavioral syndromes, excitable and depressed, can be described in cocaine-exposed infants, and that these 2 syndromes are due, respectively, to direct neurotoxic effects and indirect effects secondary to intrauterine growth retardation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Neurobehavioral Syndromes in Cocaine-Exposed Newborn Infants

Lester¹,

Corwin²,

Sepkoski³

et al. 1991

Child Development

104

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“…Regulatory failure for the cocaine-exposed dyad may begin prenatally. Perhaps due to cocaine's vasoactive effects and consequent fetal hypoxia and reduction of nutrient transfer across the placenta (Woods, Plessinger, & Clark, 1987), exposed infants often show depressed weight, length, and head circumference (e.g., Chasnoff, Burns, Schnoll, & Burns, 1985;Chasnoff, Burns, Schnoll, & Burns, 1986;Chasnoff, Lewis, Griffith, & Willey, 1989;Cherukuri, Minkoff, Feldman, Parekh, & Glass, 1988;Coles, Platzman, Smith, James, & Falek, 1992;Frank et al, 1988;Fulroth, Phillips, & Durant, 1989;Hadeed & Siegel, 1989;Livesay, Ehrlich, & Finnegan, 1987;MacGregor et al, 1987;Ryan, Ehrlich, & Finnegan, 1987;Zuckerman et al, 1989). These effects remain even when use of other potentially growth-retarding substances are controlled for statistically Hadeed & Siegel, 1989;Ryan et al, 1987;Zuckerman et al, 1989).…”

Section: Effects Of Prenatal Exposure To Cocaine On Physical Growth Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine in early infancy: Toxic effects on the process of mutual regulation

Beeghly

Tronick

1994

Infant Ment. Health J.

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In this paper, recent studies of the effects of prenatal cocaine abuse and other toxic substances on infant behavior and development during early infancy are critically reviewed. The inevitable conclusion from this review is that compromising main effects of single drugs such as cocaine on infant behavior and development have not been reliably established. It is argued that the long‐term developmental outcome of prenatally drug‐exposed infants cannot be fully understood without a thorough consideration of other confounding factors associated with prenatal drug use, such as the quality of the infant's postnatal caregiving environment. Specifically, it is argued that the infant's ability to resolve macro‐level developmental tasks during early infancy such as physiologic and behavioral state regulation, sustained face‐to‐face interaction, and joint attention to objects is primarily determined by dyadic processes at a micro‐level; namely, via the communicative and affective mutually regulated processes established over time by the exposed infant and its caregiver. Critically, these processes are affected both by the biological competence of the infant and by the protective or disruptive role of the caregiving environment. Both caregiver and infant factors associated with cocaine exposure that may disrupt the regulatory capacity of the dyad are described, and illustrations of how resulting dyadic dysregulation may preclude the infant's successful resolution of current and future developmental tasks are provided. Thus it is argued that to understand the effects of cocaine on development we must understand the process of mutual regulation of the cocaine‐exposed dyad. Des études récentes sur les effets de l'abus prénatal de cocaïne et d'autres substances toxiques sur le comportement du nourrisson et le développement durant la toute petite enfance sont examinées de manière critique dans cet article. l'inévitable conclusion à laquelle est parvenu ce travail est que certains effets majeurs compromettants de drogues comme la cocaïne sur le comportement et le développement du nourrisson n'ont pas été sérieusement établis. Nous argumentons que le résultat à long terme en matière de développement de nourrissons prénatalement exposés à la drogue en peut pas ětre complètement compris sans une considération approfondie d'autres facteurs associés a l'utilisation parentale de la drogue ainsi que la qualité de l'environnement post‐natal de mode de soin du nourrisson. De manière plus spécifique, nous argumentons que la capacité du nourrisson à résoudre des těches de développement à un macro‐niveau durant la petite enfance comme par exemple la régulation de l'état physiologique et comportemental, l'interaction těte‐à‐těte soutenue, et l'attention bilatérale à des objets est essentiellement déterminée par des processus dyadiques à un micro‐niveau; c'est‐à‐dire via les processus communicatifs et affectifs réglés mutuellement qui ont été établis au fil du temps par le nourrisson exposé et le mode de soin. Ces processus sont sévèr...

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“…Additionally, in utero exposure to cocaine also may indirectly affect infant outcome via the maternal fetal cardiovascular system with its resultant fetal hypoxic effects (Lester, LaGasse, & Bigsby, 1998;Lester & Tronick, 1994;Livesay, Ehrlich, & Finnegan, 1987;Villar, Smeriglio, Martorell, Brown, & Klein, 1984;Zuckerman, 1996). These indirect effects are expected to be global.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Similar and functionally typical kinematic reaching parameters in 7‐ and 15‐month‐old in utero cocaine‐exposed and unexposed infants

Tronick

Fetters

Olson

et al. 2004

Developmental Psychobiology

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This study examined the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure on the reaches of 19 exposed and 15 unexposed infants at 7 and 15 months using kinematic measures. Infants sat at a table and reached for a rattle, a toy doll, and a chair. Videotaped reaches were digitized using the Peak Performance system. Kinematic movement variables were extracted (e.g., reach duration, peak velocity, movement units, path length) and ratios computed (e.g., path length divided by number of movement units). Regardless of exposure status, reaches of older infants were faster, more direct, had fewer movement units, and covered more distance with the first movement unit. Exposed infants covered more distance per movement unit than unexposed infants, but there were no other significant differences. Reaches of exposed and unexposed infants were essentially similar. Importantly, reach parameters for these high-risk infants were similar to reach parameters for infants at lower social and biological risk.

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Cocaine and Pregnancy: Maternal and Infant Outcome

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Neurobehavioral Syndromes in Cocaine-Exposed Newborn Infants

Neurobehavioral Syndromes in Cocaine-Exposed Newborn Infants

Effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine in early infancy: Toxic effects on the process of mutual regulation

Similar and functionally typical kinematic reaching parameters in 7‐ and 15‐month‐old in utero cocaine‐exposed and unexposed infants

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