Cocaine-Induced Redoppuction of Glucose Utilization in Human Brain

London, Edythe D.; Cascella, Nicola G.; Wong, Dean F.; Phillips, Robert L.; Dannals, Robert F.; Links, Jonathan M.; Herning, Ronald I.; Grayson, R. F.; Jaffe, Jerome H.; Wagner, Henry N.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810180067010

Cited by 293 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This right lateralized effect is consistent with some reports, such as cocaine-induced glucose metabolism (London et al, 1990), and cocaine cueinduced DA release in high cravers . Other studies have not detected lateralized effects with cues plus intoxication (Boileau et al, 2003;Volkow et al, 2008), or did not analyze hemispheres separately (Urban et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Beer Flavor Provokes Striatal Dopamine Release in Male Drinkers: Mediation by Family History of Alcoholism

Oberlin

Džemidžić

Tran

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Striatal dopamine (DA) is increased by virtually all drugs of abuse, including alcohol. However, drug-associated cues are also known to provoke striatal DA transmission-a phenomenon linked to the motivated behaviors associated with addiction. To our knowledge, no one has tested if alcohol's classically conditioned flavor cues, in the absence of a significant pharmacologic effect, are capable of eliciting striatal DA release in humans. Employing positron emission tomography (PET), we hypothesized that beer's flavor alone can reduce the binding potential (BP) of [ 11 C]raclopride (RAC; a reflection of striatal DA release) in the ventral striatum, relative to an appetitive flavor control. Forty-nine men, ranging from social to heavy drinking, mean age 25, with a varied family history of alcoholism underwent two [ 11 C]RAC PET scans: one while tasting beer, and one while tasting Gatorade. Relative to the control flavor of Gatorade, beer flavor significantly increased self-reported desire to drink, and reduced [ 11 C]RAC BP, indicating that the alcohol-associated flavor cues induced DA release. BP reductions were strongest in subjects with first-degree alcoholic relatives. These results demonstrate that alcoholconditioned flavor cues can provoke ventral striatal DA release, absent significant pharmacologic effects, and that the response is strongest in subjects with a greater genetic risk for alcoholism. Striatal DA responses to salient alcohol cues may thus be an inherited risk factor for alcoholism.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Beer Flavor Provokes Striatal Dopamine Release in Male Drinkers: Mediation by Family History of Alcoholism

Oberlin

Džemidžić

Tran

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Moreover, to whatever extent delay discounting and substance abuse are causally linked, it is indeterminable from cohort comparisons in which direction the causal arrow points. It is possible, for example, that the effects of chronic drug use on the brain (Volkow et al, 1988, Volkow et al, 1991, London et al, 1990, Kosten, 1998 might affect performance on delay discounting tasks. Or, perhaps the life-style of the addict might dispose her to emphasize immediate attainment of reward (a possibility we will consider further in the context of our discussion of willpower below).…”

Section: Empirical Studies Of Discounting In Addicted Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavioral economics of will in recovery from addiction

Monterosso

Ainslie

2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

101

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Behavioral economic studies demonstrate that rewards are discounted proportionally with their delay (hyperbolic discounting). Hyperbolic discounting implies temporary preference for smaller rewards when they are imminent, and this concept has been widely considered by researchers interested in the causes of addictive behavior. Far less consideration has been given to the fact that systematic preference reversal also predicts various self-control phenomena, which may also be analyzed from a behavioral economic perspective.Here we summarize self-control phenomena predicted by hyperbolic discounting, particularly with application to the field of addiction. Of greatest interest is the phenomenon of choice bundling, an increase in motivation to wait for delayed rewards that can be expected to result from making choices in whole categories. Specifically, when a person's expectations about her own future behavior are conditional upon her current behavior, the value of these expectations is added to the contingencies for the current behavior, resulting in reduced impulsivity. Hyperbolic discounting provides a bottomup basis for the intuitive learning of choice bundling, the properties of which match common descriptions of willpower. We suggest that the bundling effect can also be discerned in the advice of 12-step programs.Recovery from addiction is a distinctly human phenomenon (Logan, 1993), can be extraordinarily abrupt without any obvious changes in contingencies (Premack, 1970, Miller andC'de Baca, 2001), and is commonly described in spiritual terms (Bien and Bien, 2002). Thus it may seem that although behavioral economic and other reductionist approaches are productively applied to the onset of addiction, they are not applicable to studying recovery from addiction (for example, see Miller's 2003 discussion of his skepticism). Here we want to make the case that behavioral economics sheds new light on recovery from addiction.Address correspondence to either: John Monterosso, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza; Rm C8-532, Los Angeles, CA 90024, Phone: (310) 794-1736, email: jmont@ucla.edu, George Ainslie, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Coatesville VA Medical Center, Coatesville, PA 19320, Phone (610) 384-7711, Email: george.ainslie@va.gov. With reference to formulas 1 and 2, consider the following example. If Rate is .5 and Amount is 10 the exponential value at Delays =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 will be 5, 2.5, 1.25, .625, .3125, .15625; the hyperbolic value at those Delays will be 5, 3.33, 2.5, 2., 1.67, 1.43. If a subject repeatedly is presented with an alternative reward of 4, two units of Delay before each 10 is due, the 4 will win under both formulae: 4 vs. 2.5 for exponential, 4 vs. 3.33 for hyperbolic. But if these options occur three times, two units apart, and must be chosen as a category all at once, exponential → [2.5 + .

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“…1991), barbiturates (Theodore et al 1986), am phetamine (Wolkin et a1. 1987), cocaine (London et al 1990b), morphine (London et al 1990a), ethanol (de Wit et a1. 1990Volkow et a1.…”

Section: Buprenorphine and Cerebral Glucose Metabolism 167unclassified

Buprenorphine Reduces Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Polydrug Abusers

Walsh

Gilson

Jasinski

et al. 1994

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist, which acts as a partial mu agonist and a kappa antagonist. The present study evaluated the acute effects of buprenorphine on cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc) in six human substance abusers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design. Each subject participated in two positron emission tomographic (PET) studies, 1 week apart, following the injection of buprenorphine (1 mg, intramuscularly) and placebo. Buprenorphine significantly reduced CMRglc and the regional cerebral KEY WORDS: Opioid; Buprenorphine; Glucose metabolism; Drug abuse; Human brain imaging Buprenorphine, a semi-synthetic opioid drug derived from thebaine, is currently marketed in the United States as an analgesic, and is approximately 25 to 50 times as potent as morphine (Cowan et al. 1977). In hu man subjects, it produces effects that are typical of opi oid agonists (Heel et al. 1979). These include analge-

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Cocaine-Induced Redoppuction of Glucose Utilization in Human Brain

Cited by 293 publications

References 37 publications

Beer Flavor Provokes Striatal Dopamine Release in Male Drinkers: Mediation by Family History of Alcoholism

Beer Flavor Provokes Striatal Dopamine Release in Male Drinkers: Mediation by Family History of Alcoholism

The behavioral economics of will in recovery from addiction

Buprenorphine Reduces Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Polydrug Abusers

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