Cocaine self-administration on a hold-down schedule of reinforcement in rats

Morgan, Drake; Liu, Yü; Oleson, Erik B.; Roberts, David C. S.

doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1328-z

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Animals self-administering on an FR1 schedule (ShA and LgA) titrated their brain levels of cocaine by regularly spacing their responses (Figures 1a and b). The HD group displayed a steady rate of responding as previously described (Morgan et al, 2009). This led to a relatively stable level of cocaine throughout the session (Figure 1c).…”

Section: Drugssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Following acquisition, rats (N ¼ 6) were given access to cocaine using a HD procedure as previously described (Morgan et al, 2009). Briefly, the subjects were provided access to a lever which, when depressed, activated an infusion pump until the lever was released.…”

Section: Inta-hd Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects (N ¼ 7) in this group self-administered for 14 daily, 2-h sessions on the HD schedule of reinforcement as described by Morgan et al (2009). Briefly, the syringe-pump became active when the lever was depressed and became inactive when the lever was released.…”

Section: Hd Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HD response was first described by Morgan et al (2009) as an attempt to bypass unit dose and give the animal more control over the size and speed of injections. Animals appeared to titrate their blood levels within a narrow range and adjusted their response pattern to compensate changes across a 16-fold range of cocaine concentrations (Morgan et al, 2009). For comparison, we also included an IntA group reinforced under an FR1 schedule during the 5-min access periods.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Motivation to Self-Administer is Increased After a History of Spiking Brain Levels of Cocaine

Zimmer

Oleson

Roberts

2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

141

205

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Recent attempts to model the addiction process in rodents have focused on cocaine self-administration procedures that provide extended daily access. Such procedures produce a characteristic loading phase during which blood levels rapidly rise and then are maintained within an elevated range for the duration of the session. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that multiple fastrising spikes in cocaine levels contribute to the addiction process more robustly than constant, maintained drug levels. Here, we compared the effects of various cocaine self-administration procedures that produced very different patterns of drug intake and drug dynamics on Pmax, a behavioral economic measure of the motivation to self-administer drug. Two groups received intermittent access (IntA) to cocaine during daily 6-h sessions. Access was limited to twelve 5-min trials that alternated with 25-min timeout periods, using either a hold-down procedure or a fixed ratio 1 (FR1). Cocaine levels could not be maintained with this procedure; instead the animals experienced 12 fast-rising spikes in cocaine levels each day. The IntA groups were compared with groups given 6-h FR1 long access and 2-h short access sessions and two other control groups. Here, we report that cocaine self-administration procedures resulting in repeatedly spiking drug levels produce more robust increases in Pmax than procedures resulting in maintained high levels of cocaine. These results suggest that rapid spiking of brain-cocaine levels is sufficient to increase the motivation to self-administer cocaine.

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Section: Drugssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Inta-hd Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hd Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Motivation to Self-Administer is Increased After a History of Spiking Brain Levels of Cocaine

Zimmer

Oleson

Roberts

2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

141

205

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given that unit doses up to B1.5 mg/kg are preferred, the results from an experiment using a behaviorally dependent dosing (BDD) schedule were unexpected (Morgan et al, 2009). Under the BDD schedule, the syringe pump was activated for the length of time that a lever was held down.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Cocaine Concentrations Determine the Dose Self-Administered by Rats on a Novel Behaviorally Dependent Dosing Schedule

Zimmer

Dobrin

Roberts

2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A novel behaviorally dependent dosing (BDD) schedule was used to examine the relationship between doses of cocaine selfadministered by rats and brain drug levels within a session. The BDD schedule used a hold-down response to activate a syringe pump. The length of time the lever was held down determined the duration that the syringe pump was activated. In the first experiment, rats self-administered cocaine for daily 3 h sessions and brain levels of cocaine were modeled using well-established parameters. Although analysis revealed that rats self-administered doses within a predicted range, one extremely large dose was consistently observed at the beginning of each session when brain levels of cocaine were low. In the second experiment, we introduced a range of timeout periods (10-25 min) in order to produce variability in brain-cocaine concentrations. Animals self-administered larger doses immediately following each timeout period and the dose size was inversely correlated with the length of the timeout. These results show that the dose of cocaine that rats self-administer within a session is inversely related to the amount of drug on board.

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Comparing stimulus preference and response force in a conjugate preparation

Davis

Rapp

Brogan

et al. 2021

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Researchers used a conjugate preparation to evaluate how response force changed based on participants' preferences for visual stimuli. First, researchers used a verbal preference assessment to evaluate each participant's preference for viewing for five object categories of visual stimuli; this process identified high preference (HP) stimuli and low preference stimuli for most participants. Thereafter, researchers exposed each participant to the five stimulus categories in a randomized order while using a force dynamometer to measure their response force to increase visual clarity of each stimulus. Results indicate the majority of participants' HP stimuli corresponded to the stimulus category for which they exerted the highest mean force. These preliminary findings suggest conjugate preparations involving response force may provide another option for measuring the relative value of some stimulus events.

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Cocaine self-administration on a hold-down schedule of reinforcement in rats

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

The Motivation to Self-Administer is Increased After a History of Spiking Brain Levels of Cocaine

The Motivation to Self-Administer is Increased After a History of Spiking Brain Levels of Cocaine

Brain-Cocaine Concentrations Determine the Dose Self-Administered by Rats on a Novel Behaviorally Dependent Dosing Schedule

Comparing stimulus preference and response force in a conjugate preparation

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