Cocoa By‐products

Figueroa, Karen Haydeé Nieto; García, Nancy Viridiana Mendoza; Vega, Rocío

doi:10.1002/9781119534167.ch13

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Cocoa mucilage (CM) is the whitish substance that covers the grain; other names as it is known are sweating or pulp [16]. e cocoa pulp juice is a fraction of CM, with a cloudy whitish appearance that is obtained after processing cocoa by means of handling and exerted pressure; this part of CM is widely used in obtaining products such as alcohol, vinegar, soft drinks, citric acid, and cocoa jelly [42].…”

Section: Cocoa Mucilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Use of Industrial Cocoa Waste in Biofuel Production

Mendoza-Meneses

Feregrino-Pérez

Gutiérrez‐Antonio

2021

Journal of Chemistry

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Worldwide, the wastes derived from food production are generated in elevated volumes annually. In particular, the cocoa industrial wastes represent a source of usable biomass for the elaboration of new products such as food, livestock feed, cosmetics, and chemical products, and they can even be used for the generation of biofuels. The cocoa industrial wastes include cocoa pod husk, mucilage, and bean shells, which contain compounds of interest for different industries. However, the lignocellulose content of these by-products requires a pretreatment to fully utilize them; thus, different biofuels can be produced, depending on the conversion technology used to obtain the highest biomass yield. Recent studies reported the use of cocoa industrial wastes for the production of solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels; nevertheless, the most common use reported is as a direct combustion source, which is used to supply the same production plants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out a review on the uses of the by-products generated from cocoa for the generation of biofuels, as well as the technological concept applied for the transformation. In addition, the future trends indicate the relevance of using catalysts in production to increase reactions in the conversion of compounds, including the use of statistical models to optimize the processing variables.

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Section: Cocoa Mucilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Use of Industrial Cocoa Waste in Biofuel Production

Mendoza-Meneses

Feregrino-Pérez

Gutiérrez‐Antonio

2021

Journal of Chemistry

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“…Pod husk, pulp, and bean shell, representing about 80 wt.% of cocoa fruit, are considered waste and are left on cacao crops, causing environmental problems [ 14 , 15 ]. Accordingly, the cocoa industry has been trying to find added-value applications to these by-products as bio-recyclable paper packing [ 16 ], fertilizers [ 17 ], human and veterinary supplements [ 18 ], among others [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of a 3D Printed Cocoa Bean Shell Filled Recycled Polypropylene for Sustainable Composites

et al. 2021

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Natural filler-based composites are an environmentally friendly and potentially sustainable alternative to synthetic or plastic counterparts. Recycling polymers and using agro-industrial wastes are measures that help to achieve a circular economy. Thus, this work presents the development and characterization of a 3D printing filament based on recycled polypropylene and cocoa bean shells, which has not been explored yet. The obtained composites were thermally and physically characterized. In addition, the warping effect, mechanical, and morphological analyses were performed on 3D printed specimens. Thermal analysis exhibited decreased thermal stability when cacao bean shell (CBS) particles were added due to their lignocellulosic content. A reduction in both melting enthalpy and crystallinity percentage was identified. This is caused by the increase in the amorphous structures present in the hemicellulose and lignin of the CBS. Mechanical tests showed high dependence of the mechanical properties on the 3D printing raster angle. Tensile strength increased when a raster angle of 0° was used, compared to specimens printed at 90°, due to the load direction. Tensile strength and fracture strain were improved with CBS addition in specimens printed at 90°, and better bonding between adjacent layers was achieved. Electron microscope images identified particle fracture, filler-matrix debonding, and matrix breakage as the central failure mechanisms. These failure mechanisms are attributed to the poor interfacial bonding between the CBS particles and the matrix, which reduced the tensile properties of specimens printed at 0°. On the other hand, the printing process showed that cocoa bean shell particles reduced by 67% the characteristic warping effect of recycled polypropylene during 3D printing, which is advantageous for 3D printing applications of the rPP. Thereby, potential sustainable natural filler composite filaments for 3D printing applications with low density and low cost can be developed, adding value to agro-industrial and plastic wastes.

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“…In the fruit and vegetable processing industry, by-products such as peels, seeds, and shells are produced in large quantities [ 28 , 29 ]. These by-products contain high concentration of bioactive components such as antioxidants (polyphenols and dietary fibers), pigments and flavor compounds, proteins, essential oils, enzymes, and dietary fibers [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adding these by-products to meat products can sometimes improve the quality of the product while also extending its shelf life. In food processing of waste and biomass by-products, pectin is one of the most common constituents; therefore, improving pectin extraction and recovery is critical to completely valorize these significant feedstock resources [ 29 ]. As a result, it is crucial to investigate the composting process of FW, particularly FVW, within this framework.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes: Active Packaging, Biocomposites, By-Products, and Innovative Technologies Used for Bioactive Compound Extraction

et al. 2021

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According to the Food Wastage Footprint and Climate Change Report, about 15% of all fruits and 25% of all vegetables are wasted at the base of the food production chain. The significant losses and wastes in the fresh and processing industries is becoming a serious environmental issue, mainly due to the microbial degradation impacts. There has been a recent surge in research and innovation related to food, packaging, and pharmaceutical applications to address these problems. The underutilized wastes (seed, skin, rind, and pomace) potentially present good sources of valuable bioactive compounds, including functional nutrients, amylopectin, phytochemicals, vitamins, enzymes, dietary fibers, and oils. Fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) are rich in nutrients and extra nutritional compounds that contribute to the development of animal feed, bioactive ingredients, and ethanol production. In the development of active packaging films, pectin and other biopolymers are commonly used. In addition, the most recent research studies dealing with FVW have enhanced the physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of packaging and biocomposite systems. Innovative technologies that can be used for sensitive bioactive compound extraction and fortification will be crucial in valorizing FVW completely; thus, this article aims to report the progress made in terms of the valorization of FVW and to emphasize the applications of FVW in active packaging and biocomposites, their by-products, and the innovative technologies (both thermal and non-thermal) that can be used for bioactive compounds extraction.

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Cocoa By‐products

Cited by 24 publications

References 92 publications

Potential Use of Industrial Cocoa Waste in Biofuel Production

Potential Use of Industrial Cocoa Waste in Biofuel Production

Development and Characterization of a 3D Printed Cocoa Bean Shell Filled Recycled Polypropylene for Sustainable Composites

Progress in the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes: Active Packaging, Biocomposites, By-Products, and Innovative Technologies Used for Bioactive Compound Extraction

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