Coelenterate Neuropeptides: Structure, Action and Biosynthesis

Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J.P.; Carstensen, Klaus; Darmer, Dorothea; Moosler, Angelika; Nothacker, Hans‐Peter; Reinscheid, Rainer K.; Schmutzler, Cornelia; Vollert, Henning; McFarlane, I. D.; Rinehart, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1093/icb/32.1.1

Cited by 64 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This neuropeptide family is widely distributed among invertebrates and vertebrates and an increasing amount of literature on the structural diversity and neurohormonal action of invertebrate FaRPs and other peptides, e.g. in Coelenterata (review Grimmelikhuijzen et al 1992), Plathelminthes (review Fairweather and Halton 1991;Choi et al 1996), Mollusca (review Muneoka and Kobayashi 1992), and Arthropoda (Keller 1992;Gaus et al 1993;Groome 1993;Nässel 1993;Homberg 1994;Nässel and Homberg 2006) highlights a growing appreciation of the importance of these substances. So far, the evidence for the presence of FaRPs in Chaetognatha stems from immunocytochemical experiments only (Bone et al 1987;Goto et al 1992;Harzsch and Müller 2007) but the sequences of the FaRPs present in this clade are still unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine structure of the ventral nerve centre and interspecific identification of individual neurons in the enigmatic Chaetognatha

et al. 2008

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The enigmatic arrow worms (Chaetognatha) are marine carnivores and among the most abundant planktonic organisms. Their phylogenetic position has been heavily debated for a long time. Most recent molecular studies still provide a diverging picture and suggest arrow worms to be some kind of basal protostomes. In an eVort to understand the organization of the nervous system in this clade for a broad comparison with other Metazoa we analysed the ultrastructure of the ventral nerve centre in Spadella cephaloptera by transmission electron microscopy. We were able to identify six diVerent types of neurons in the bilateral somata clusters by means of the cytoplasmic composition (regarding the structure of the neurite and soma including the shape and eu-/heterochromatin ratio within the nucleus) as well as the size and position of these neurons. Furthermore, our study provides new insights into the neuropil composition of the ventral nerve centre and several other Wne structural features. Our second goal was to examine if individually identiWable neurons are present in the ventral nerve centres of four chaetognath species, Sagitta setosa, Sagitta enXata, Pterosagitta draco, and Spadella cephaloptera. For that purpose, we processed whole mount specimens of these species for immunolocalization of RFamiderelated neuropeptides and analysed them with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Our experiments provide evidence for the interspeciWc homology of individual neurons in the ventral nerve centres of these four chaetognath species suggesting that the potential to generate serially arranged neurons with individual identities is part of their ground pattern.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine structure of the ventral nerve centre and interspecific identification of individual neurons in the enigmatic Chaetognatha

et al. 2008

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“…c References: 1, Grimmelikhuijzen et al, 1992;2, Kubiak et al, 1996;3, Schoofs et al, 1990;4, Duve et al, 1996;5, Woodhead et al, 1989;6, Muneoka and Koyabashi, 1992. …”

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Proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase from the blue blowflyCalliphora vicinahydrolyzes in vitro the ecdysiostatic peptide trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (Neb-TMOF)

Martensen

Koolman

Mentlein

1998

Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol.

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“…This seemingly simple, two-dimensional nervous system shows neurophysiological and cellular specializations as sophisticated as those of many higher invertebrates in terms of electrogenesis, coordination of sensory and motor functions, plasticity, development and regulation of growth [4]. Neurotransmission in Hydra has been considered to be essentially peptidergic, owing to the presence of several neuropeptides [5,6]. Progress in identifying nonpeptidergic neurotransmitters in cnidarians has been slow, and the results confusing or even contradictory [7][8][9].…”

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Arachidonic acid as an endogenous signal for the glutathione-induced feeding response in Hydra

Pierobon¹,

Petrocellis²,

Minei³

et al. 1997

CMLS, Cell. mol. life sci.

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Phospholipase A 2 -derived arachidonic acid (AA) and related metabolic products represent an important pathway involved in the regulation of growth and morphogenesis as well as in oxidative processes in cnidarian tissues. Here we present data on the participation of AA in the glutathione (GSH)-induced feeding response in Hydra 6ulgaris. Under conditions in which it produces the feeding response (which consists mainly of mouth opening followed by mouth closure), GSH dose-dependently induced the release of free arachidonic acid from live polyps. Phospholipase A 2 inhibitors blocked this release and enhanced the duration of GSH-induced Hydra mouth opening. Accordingly, AA and, to a smaller extent, h-linolenic acid, were found to reduce the duration of the feeding response in a 10 -100 mM concentration range, and this effect resulted mainly from earlier times of mouth closure. 11-(R)-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z-tetraenoic acid, a lipoxygenase metabolite of AA in H. 6ulgaris, reproduced the effects of its precursor fatty acid at lower concentrations. The kinetics of GSH-induced arachidonate release and GSH-induced feeding response were correlated, suggesting that AA might modulate the mechanisms controlling mouth closure. Finally, the role of AA in the facilitation of the mouth-closing phase of the feeding response was further supported by the finding that: (1) exogenous AA reversed the effect on the feeding response of k-aminobutyric acid, which normally delays the times of mouth closure, and (2) endogenous AA was also released in the absence of GSH from live polyps stimulated with antho-RFamide, a neuropeptide abundant in hydrozoans. We suggest that in Hydra AA may act as a second messenger following chemical stimulation.Abbreviations. AA= arachidonic acid; BPB = 4-bromophenacyl bromide; cGMP=guanosine 3%:5%-cyclic monophosphate; CNS = central nervous system; DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide; GABA =k-aminobutyric acid; GTP = guanosine 5%-triphosphate; (11-R)-HETE= 11-(R)-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z-tetraenoic acid; (9-R)-HOTrE =9-(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-10E,12Z,15Z-trienoic acid; (11-R)-HPETE= 11-(R)-hydroperoxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z-tetraenoic acid; HPLC= high-pressure liquid chromatography; (9-R)-HPOTrE =9-(R)-hydroperoxy-octadeca-10E,12Z,15Z-trienoic acid; h-LA= h-linolenic acid; OOPC= oleyloxyethylphosphorylcholine; PLA 2 = phospholipase A 2 ; PUFAs = polyunsaturated fatty acids; TBPS= t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate.The nerve net of the freshwater polyp Hydra (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) is currently regarded as one of the most primitive nervous systems to have evolved [1]. Neurons are dispersed in the epithelia and are interconnected by neurites into a functional network, or to non-neuronal effectors by uni-and bidirectional synapses (see ref. 2 for a concise review). The nervous net spreads homogeneously over the entire body except in the head region, where the fibres are condensed to form a circular ring, possibly representing a rudimentary cephalization of the system [3]. This seemingly simple, two-dimensional nervous syste...

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Coelenterate Neuropeptides: Structure, Action and Biosynthesis

Cited by 64 publications

References 10 publications

Fine structure of the ventral nerve centre and interspecific identification of individual neurons in the enigmatic Chaetognatha

Fine structure of the ventral nerve centre and interspecific identification of individual neurons in the enigmatic Chaetognatha

Proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase from the blue blowflyCalliphora vicinahydrolyzes in vitro the ecdysiostatic peptide trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (Neb-TMOF)

Arachidonic acid as an endogenous signal for the glutathione-induced feeding response in Hydra

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