Coexistence of Cellular and IEEE 802.11 Technologies in Unlicensed Spectrum Bands -A Survey

Saha, Rony Kumer

doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3106502

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(257 reference statements)

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“…Numerous surveys on spectrum sharing have been carried out from holistic viewpoints such as [26]- [27]. Moreover, several surveys such as [28]- [30] on coexistence studies in unlicensed frequency bands have been addressed in the existing literature. Regarding DSS for LTE and NR coexistence, numerous research works, including [31]- [35], [22], [1] have also addressed the DSS for the coexistence of LTE and NR systems from a specific set of viewpoints.…”

Section: B Related Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G NR and 4G LTE Coexistence - A Comprehensive Review

Saha,

Cioffi

2024

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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In the early phase, the number of new radio (NR) users is considerably low compared to the long-term evolution (LTE) users. Hence, allocating the LTE spectrum to a small number of NR users will have a detrimental effect on the LTE users. To overcome this backdrop, dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) between LTE and NR has become an emerging technology where both systems can coexist on the same LTE spectrum. However, the most critical factor for LTE and NR coexistence is to share the spectrum resources of LTE systems with data and control signals necessary to operate NR systems subject to not impacting LTE operations. In line with this, a comprehensive understanding of DSS for LTE and NR coexistence taking into account diversified concerns is presented in this paper. First, an overview of the technological background of essential signals and channels of both LTE and NR systems to enable DSS for their coexistence is given. Numerous deployment options and potential design considerations of DSS are then discussed. The application of DSS to both multicast-broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) and non-MBSFN LTE subframes under NR with and without synchronization signal/ physical broadcast channels (PBCH) block (SSB) transmissions is examined. Further, the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) standardization activities towards DSS in its different releases are discussed, numerous use cases are highlighted, and the significance and limitations of DSS are identified. To provide additional insights, the relative comparison of potential aspects of several DSS concerns including, deployment options, design considerations, DSS applications, and 3GPP standardization efforts, is carried out. Finally, a summary of key lessons learned is provided in terms of numerous facts and figures.

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Section: B Related Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G NR and 4G LTE Coexistence - A Comprehensive Review

Saha,

Cioffi

2024

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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“…Building on the idea of Duty Cycle technology of LTE-U, we divided the spectrum usage time into multiple cycles. Considering that many 3GPP members might think that fairness means that cellular nodes and IEEE 802.11 APs should have half the bandwidth [35], each cycle is proportionally allocated to different types of users. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: A System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Blockchain Enhanced Coexistence of Heterogeneous Networks on Unlicensed Spectrum

Zhang

Leng

Wei

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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Due to the forecasted fast increasing cellular traffic and the already highly congested licensed spectrum, it is critical to exploit and utilize the unlicensed spectrum resources for the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond networks. A challenging problem is the coexistence of 5G and other networks with fair, reliable, and efficient sharing of the unlicensed spectrum. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-enhanced distributed spectrum sharing scheme for coexisting multiple operators and multiple WiFi APs. We design a novel lightweight and efficient consensus mechanism, named Proof of Strategy (PoG). In this consensus mechanism, the problem of spectrum sharing is used as a consensus puzzle, and the part of the unlicensed spectrum is used as the 'fee' of miners. With such a design, the computing overhead of the consensus process is expected to be reduced significantly. We develop a non-cooperative game to analyze the behavior of the miners and obtain a symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium under the uniform distribution of mining cost estimation. It can be found mathematically and experimentally that the strategy of the winner tends to maximize the system revenue by sharing the unlicensed spectrum resource. Furthermore, to reduce the impact of heavy interactions on system throughput, the operation of WiFi APs in the proposed scheme can be adaptively switched between 'contention mode' and 'blockchain mode' according to the network traffic load. The dynamic behavior is constructed as an evolutionary game, and the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium points are proved by theoretical analysis. Simulations demonstrated the fairness and effectiveness of the proposed blockchain-based scheme and the mode switching method for distributed spectrum sharing by heterogeneous wireless networks.

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“…These features are derived from the unique physical layer characteristics of each RAT, including modulation schemes, channel bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, and transmission power. After training and validation, the model is used to analyze incoming signals in real-time, making predictions about the technology in use [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Over-the-air Aggregation-based Federated Learning for Technology Recognition in Multi-RAT Networks

Girmay,

Seif,

Maglogiannis

et al. 2023

Preprint

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<p>With the continuous evolution of wireless communication and the explosive growth in data traffic, decentralized spectrum sensing has become essential for the optimal utilization of wireless resources. In this direction, we propose an over-the-air aggregation-based Federated Learning (FL) for a technology recognition model that can identify signals from multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), including Wi-Fi, Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G New Radio (NR), Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything PC5 (C-V2X PC5), and Intelligent Transport Systems G5 (ITS-G5). In the proposed FL-based technology recognition framework, we consider edge network elements as clients to train local models and a central server to create the global model. In each client, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based model is trained from Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) samples collected from a certain combination of RATs. The possible combination of RATs considered in the clients is selected based on the capabilities of the real-world network elements that can be used as a client.</p> <p>The FL framework involves a process where multiple clients periodically send updates derived from local data to a central server, which then integrates these contributions to enhance a shared global model. This method ensures that the system stays current with the evolving real-world environment while also minimizing bandwidth required for training data transfer and allowing for the maintenance of personalized local models on each client’s end.</p>

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Coexistence of Cellular and IEEE 802.11 Technologies in Unlicensed Spectrum Bands -A Survey

Cited by 20 publications

References 87 publications

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G NR and 4G LTE Coexistence - A Comprehensive Review

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G NR and 4G LTE Coexistence - A Comprehensive Review

A Blockchain Enhanced Coexistence of Heterogeneous Networks on Unlicensed Spectrum

Over-the-air Aggregation-based Federated Learning for Technology Recognition in Multi-RAT Networks

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