Coexposure to toluene and p-xylene in man: central nervous functions.

Olson, Birgitta Anshelm; Gamberale, Francesco; Iregren, Anders

doi:10.1136/oem.42.2.117

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Irritancy effects from xylene exposures, as a function of dose, were reported to range from turbidity and irritation of the ocular conjunctiva, to irritation of the upper airway, to severe lung congestion, to pulmonary edema and hemorrhages (Reese & Kimbrough, 1993). Increased reaction time, reduced short-term memory, and impaired postural equilibrium have been documented at xylene exposure levels ranging from 100 to 200 ppm, but not at 70 ppm (reaction time and memory reproduction only) (Olson et al, 1985). Savolainen et al (1980) reported deficits in reaction time, manual dexterity, body balance, and EEG following acute exposure to 90 ppm mxylene, while exposure to 300 ppm mixed xylene resulted in deficits on memory span, critical flicker fusion, and reaction time .…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Fuel Neurotoxicity 251mentioning

confidence: 97%

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

Ritchie¹

2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

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Over 1.3 million civilian and military personnel are occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon fuels, emphasizing gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or kerosene. These exposures may occur acutely or chronically to raw fuel, vapor, aerosol, or fuel combustion exhaust by dermal, respiratory inhalation, or oral ingestion routes, and commonly occur concurrently with exposure to other chemicals and stressors. Hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of 150-260+ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds containing varying concentrations of potential neurotoxicants including benzene, n-hexane, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and certain n-C9-C12 fractions (n-propylbenzene, trimethylbenzene isomers). Due to their natural petroleum base, the chemical composition of different hydrocarbon fuels is not defined, and the fuels are classified according to broad performance criteria such as flash and boiling points, complicating toxicological comparisons. While hydrocarbon fuel exposures occur typically at concentrations below permissible exposure limits for their constituent chemicals, it is unknown whether additive or synergistic interactions may result in unpredicted neurotoxicity. The inclusion of up to six performance additives in existing fuel formulations presents additional neurotoxicity challenge. Additionally, exposures to hydrocarbon fuels, typically with minimal respiratory or dermal protection, range from weekly fueling of personal automobiles to waist-deep immersion of personnel in raw fuel during maintenance of aircraft fuel tanks. Occupational exposures may occur on a near daily basis for from several months to over 20 yr. A number of published studies have reported acute or persisting neurotoxic effects from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to hydrocarbon fuels, or to certain constituent chemicals of these fuels. This review summarizes human and animal studies of hydrocarbon fuel-induced neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral consequences. It is hoped that this review will support ongoing attempts to review and possibly revise exposure standards for hydrocarbon fuels.

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Section: Hydrocarbon Fuel Neurotoxicity 251mentioning

confidence: 97%

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

Ritchie¹

2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

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“…The results of these studies indicated that the odor threshold for xylene is approximately 1 ppm (32). Brief exposure to approximately 70 ppm xylene did not affect reaction time or short-term memory (33). Inhalation exposure at 90 ppm, however, caused deleterious effects on reaction time, manual dexterity, body balance, and EEG (34).…”

Section: Xylenementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents.

Burbacher

1993

Environ Health Perspect

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This overview was developed as part of a symposium on noncancer end points of gasoline and key gasoline components. The specific components included are methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, butadiene, benzene, xylene, toluene, methyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol. The overview focuses on neurotoxic effects related to chronic low-level exposures. A few general conclusions and recommendations can be made based on the results of the studies to date. a) All the compounds reviewed are neuroactive and, as such, should be examined for their neurotoxicity. b) For most of the compounds, there is a substantial margin of safety between the current permissible exposure levels and levels that would be expected to cause overt signs of neurotoxicity in humans. This is not the case for xylene, toluene, and methanol, however, where neurologic effects are observed at or below the current Threshold Limit Value. c) For most of the compounds, the relationship between chronic low-level exposure and subtle neurotoxic effects has not been studied. Studies therefore should focus on examining the dose-response relationship between chronic low-level exposure and subtle changes in central nervous system function.

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“…These inhibitory metabolic interactions are characterized by reduced/ delayed production and excretion of metabolites, and/or increased concentrations of parent chemical(s) in the blood and expired air. However, the health significance of several of these metabolic interactions has not been confirmed in workers occupationally exposed to binary solvent mixtures (48,49). The inhibitory metabolic interactions can be expected to result in supraadditivity with respect to the toxicity of the parent chemicals.…”

Section: Poliutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic interactions among environmental pollutants: corroborating laboratory observations with human experience.

Krishnan

Brodeur

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Combined exposures to multiple chemicals may result in interactions leading to a significant increase or decrease in the overall toxicity of the mixture compared to the summation of the toxicity of the components. A large number of chemical interactions have been described in animal studies by administering high doses of chemicals by routes and scenarios often different from anticipated human exposures. Though limited, there is some evidence for the occurrence of several supra-additive (the combined effects are greater than the simple summation of the individual effects) and infra-additive (the combined effects are smaller than the simple summation of the individual effects) chemical interactions in humans. For example, toxicokinetic interactions between several solvents have been found to occur in the workplace, whereas those involving pesticides have been reported less frequently, especially during accidental exposures. Toxic interactions involving nutritionally important metals and metalloids appear to occur more frequently, since several of them have an important role in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes. On the contrary, there is not much evidence to confirm the occurrence of toxic interactions among the commonly encountered inorganic gaseous pollutants in humans. Overall, the majority of chemical interactions observed in animal studies have neither been investigated in humans nor been extrapolated to humans based on appropriate mechanistic considerations. Future research efforts in the chemical interactions arena should address these issues by focusing on the development of mechanistically and biologically based models that allow predictions of the extent of interactions likely to be observed in humans.-Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 9): 11-17 (1994)

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Coexposure to toluene and p-xylene in man: central nervous functions.

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents.

Toxic interactions among environmental pollutants: corroborating laboratory observations with human experience.

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