Coffee consumption and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality: Does the brewing method matter?

Abstract

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate whether the coffee brewing method is associated with any death and cardiovascular mortality, beyond the contribution from major cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and results Altogether, 508,747 men and women aged 20–79 participating in Norwegian cardiovascular surveys were followed for an average of 20 years with respect to cause-specific death. The number of deaths was 46,341 for any cause, 12,621 for cardiovascular disease (CVD), 6202 for ischemic heart disease (IHD), and 2894 for stroke. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for any death for men with no coffee consumption as reference were 0.85 (082–0.90) for filtered brew, 0.84 (0.79–0.89) for both brews, and 0.96 (0.91–1.01) for unfiltered brew. For women, the corresponding figures were 0.85 (0.81–0.90), 0.79 (0.73–0.85), and 0.91 (0.86–0.96) for filtered, both brews, and unfiltered brew, respectively. For CVD, the figures were 0.88 (0.81–0.96), 0.93 (0.83–1.04), and 0.97 (0.89–1.07) in men, and 0.80 (0.71–0.89), 0.72 (0.61–0.85), and 0.83 (0.74–0.93) in women. Stratification by age raised the HRs for ages ≥60 years. The HR for CVD between unfiltered brew and no coffee was 1.19 (1.00–1.41) for men and 0.98 (0.82–1.15) for women in this age group. The HRs for CVD and IHD were raised when omitting total cholesterol from the model, and most pronounced in those drinking ≥9 of unfiltered coffee, per day where they were raised by 9% for IHD mortality. Conclusion Unfiltered brew was associated with higher mortality than filtered brew, and filtered brew was associated with lower mortality than no coffee consumption.

Use of organic fertilization with irrigation in coffee production in brazilian cerrado

“…Coffee is one of the most consumed drinks in the world (Loftfield et al, 2018). As reported by Tverdal et al (2020), globally coffee is the most frequently used stimulant drink and probably the safest one. Arabica coffee production provides a livelihood for millions of people worldwide (Verhage et al, 2017).…”

Editors’ presentation: Focus on diabetes mellitus and diet

“…They conclude that the lowest mortality was among consumers of one to four cups of filtered coffee per day and hypothesised a protective role of antioxidants, including polyphenols and total homocysteine. 16…”

Filtered, not unfiltered, coffee in cardiovascular disease

“…They show that filtered coffee is associated with a lower mortality than no coffee or unfiltered coffee and that the increased risk of ischaemic heart disease mortality for unfiltered coffee is partly through its association with total cholesterol. 7 They conclude that the lowest mortality was among consumers of 1–4 cups of filtered coffee per day. 7 They discuss the possible association of antioxidants, including polyphenols and total homocysteine, with the reduction in total and cardiovascular mortality, although there may be some other mechanisms.…”

“…7 They conclude that the lowest mortality was among consumers of 1–4 cups of filtered coffee per day. 7 They discuss the possible association of antioxidants, including polyphenols and total homocysteine, with the reduction in total and cardiovascular mortality, although there may be some other mechanisms.…”

“…1–6 In the current issue of European Journal of Preventive Cardiology , Tverdal et al. 7 examine the association between the amount and type of coffee (filtered or unfiltered) and the risk of total, cardiovascular, ischaemic heart disease and stroke mortality in a large cohort of middle-aged men and women with complete follow-up. They show that filtered coffee is associated with a lower mortality than no coffee or unfiltered coffee and that the increased risk of ischaemic heart disease mortality for unfiltered coffee is partly through its association with total cholesterol.…”