Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study

Abstract

Background Coffee consumption has been associated with reduced markers of hepatic cell damage, reduced risk of chronic liver disease, and cirrhosis across a variety of populations. Data on the association between coffee consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in high-risk populations, are sparse. Methods This study examines the relationship between coffee and caffeine consumption, and the risk of developing HCC within the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,257 middle-aged and older Chinese men and women, a relatively high-risk population for HCC. Baseline data on coffee consumption and other dietary and lifestyle factors were collected through inperson interviews at enrollment between 1993 and 1998. Results As of 31 December 2006, 362 cohort participants had developed HCC. High levels of coffee or caffeine consumption were associated with reduced risk of HCC (p for trend < 0.05). Compared with non-drinkers of coffee, individuals who consumed three or more cups of coffee per day experienced a statistically significant 44% reduction in risk of HCC (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval, 0.31–1.00, p = .049) after adjustment for potential confounders and tea consumption. Conclusion These data suggest that coffee consumption may reduce the risk of developing HCC in Chinese in Singapore.

Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

“…The estimates were similar in Asian (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57-0.82) and European/American (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46-0.87) studies, although in the former countries consumption of coffee was generally lower. Sensitivity analysis showed that the overall estimates were slightly modified when we removed in turn the studies of Petrick et al (2015), Johnson et al (2011), andSetiawan et al (2015); however, even after their exclusion from the meta-analysis, the overall estimates remained largely below unity. Further, the restriction of the meta-analysis to studies providing separate estimates for HCC cases, instead of liver cancer, did not materially alter the summary RR (data not shown).…”

“…When the reported RRs were based on a different reference category, we calculated RR estimates for various levels by dividing each RR by the RR for the lowest category, and the corresponding CIs using the standard errors obtained from published CIs. Given the differences in the intake of coffee among the study population (generally lower in Asian studies), we used different cut-off points between low and high consumption according to the study population: in particular, the cut-off point was three cups per day in seven studies on HCC (Inoue et al, 2005(Inoue et al, , 2009Hu et al, 2008;Johnson et al, 2011;Lai et al, 2013;Petrick et al, 2015;Setiawan et al, 2015) and three studies on CLD (Klatsky et al, 2006;Lai et al, 2013;Setiawan et al, 2015), two cups in one study on CLD (Ruhl and Everhart, 2005a), one cup in four studies on HCC (Kurozawa et al, 2005;Shimazu et al, 2005;Ohishi et al, 2008), and one on CLD (Goh et al, 2014), and 60 and 83 ml of coffee for female and male participants, respectively, in one study on HCC (Bamia et al, 2015). We showed study-specific and summary RRs for regular, low, and high coffee consumption compared to no/occasional consumption using a forest plot.…”

“…From the literature search, we identified 2275 publications and one additional article was retrieved from the references of the identified publications. After exclusion of articles not pertinent or not fulfilling the inclusion criteria, and of four studies (Klatsky and Armstrong, 1992;Klatsky et al, 1993;Kurozawa et al, 2004;Trichopoulos et al, 2011) whose data were included in subsequent publications (Kurozawa et al, 2005;Klatsky et al, 2006;Bamia et al, 2015), we selected 15 publications for the meta-analyses on regular, low, and high coffee consumption (Tverdal and Skurtveit, 2003;Inoue et al, 2005Inoue et al, , 2009Kurozawa et al, 2005;Ruhl and Everhart, 2005a;Shimazu et al, 2005;Klatsky et al, 2006;Hu et al, 2008;Ohishi et al, 2008;Johnson et al, 2011;Lai et al, 2013;Goh et al, 2014;Bamia et al, 2015;Petrick et al, 2015;Setiawan et al, 2015). However, the earlier studies (Klatsky and Armstrong, 1992;Klatsky et al, 1993;Kurozawa et al, 2004;Trichopoulos et al, 2011) were included in the cumulative meta-analyses, as explained before.…”

Effects of Green Coffee Bean Extract Supplementation on Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial

“…Research has shown that consumption of coffee may play a protective role against various diseases of modern society, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders (12) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (13,14). More recently, a number of studies have suggested the protective effect of coffee intake and coffee constituents on liver function (15). A growing number of epidemiologic evidence has shown an inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of NAFLD (16).…”

Coffee, Traditional Chinese Medicine and cannabinoids as potential tools for prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

“…The relationship between coffee and risk of HCC was studied also by Johnson et al [25] through a large prospective study including 63,257 patients. The authors reported that subjects consuming ≥ 3 cups/day experienced a 44% of HCC risk reduction.…”