Cognition and Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents

Cato, Allison; Hershey, Tamara

doi:10.2337/ds16-0036

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Finally, we cannot completely exclude the possibility that differences in cognitive ability between diabetic and healthy groups may have partially contributed to the taste recognition findings, since diabetes is known to impair cognition to some extent [71,72]. However, this interpretation should be taken with caution because, at present, evidence regarding the pediatric population is insufficient to support that youth with T1D display cognitive deficits or differences compared to control subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2019

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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common systemic diseases in childhood which predisposes the patient to serious short-term and long-term complications, affecting all body systems. Taste and olfactory impairments were first described a long time ago in adult patients affected by diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes). However, studies evaluating taste perception, behavioral attitudes (e.g., food neophobia), and preferences toward foods in children and adolescents affected by T1D are globally lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess taste sensitivity, food neophobia, and preferences among children and adolescents affected by T1D and healthy controls in a cross-sectional study. T1D patients presented a significantly lower ability in general to correctly identify taste qualities, especially bitter and sour tastes. Moreover, they were characterized by fewer fungiform papillae compared to controls, as well as a lower responsiveness to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). There were no significant differences in food neophobia scores between the two groups, but differences were observed in the mean hedonic ratings for some product categories investigated. Diabetic patients showed a greater liking for certain type of foods generally characterized by sourness and bitterness, an observation probably linked to their impaired ability to perceive taste stimuli, e.g., sourness and bitterness. These results may help to enhance the understanding of these relationships in populations with elevated diet-related health risks.Nutrients 2019, 11, 3052 2 of 12 showed that T1D was associated with a reduction in gustatory function [3,5,7], with impairments mostly found with respect to the sweet taste perception in comparison to other taste modalities [10,11]. In addition, Pavlidis and colleagues [12] found impairments in the density and morphology of the fungiform papillae (FP) among patients with diabetes, which are the gustatory anatomical structures containing taste buds.Data in the literature suggest that the inherited ability to perceive bitter thiourea compounds, such as 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), may be a surrogate measure of taste perception and a marker for increased health risk. Variation in taste responsiveness to PROP has been linked to various health disorders, including obesity [13] and diabetes [14]. However, related data are still scarce and controversial, probably due to differences in the methodologies used to evaluate taste perception and the involved subjects (e.g., those affected by type 1 or type 2 diabetes).Contradictory results were also reported when the associations between taste impairment and metabolic control, disease duration, and the presence of diabetes-related complications were studied [10,11,15]. However, this field of research remains largely unexplored.Notably, to the best of our knowledge, studies evaluating taste perception in children and adolescents affected by T1D are lacking globally. Since T1D disease occurs mostly in this younger age group, knowled...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2019

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“…This is backed up by previous studies showing a potential effect of chronic hypoglycemia on gray matter volume and posterior cortical regions. 7 Moreover, the coincidence of seizures and hypoglycemia has well known detrimental effects on cognitive performance including attention tasks and verbal/visual memory. 8 In addition, past severe hypoglycemia was described to be associated with poorer performance on verbal and spatial memory tasks after 2 years in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially during the early ages, severe as well as chronic subclinical hypoclycemia phases might lead to alterations in normal brain and cognitive development. 7,8 As previously described, hypoglycemic episodes are considered to be associated with alterations in overall cognitive functioning as well as verbal and visual memory in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 7 Moreover and as a matter of fact, acute severe hypoglycemia accompanied by seizures might increase the-per se high -risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients especially in patients with DS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…7,8 As previously described, hypoglycemic episodes are considered to be associated with alterations in overall cognitive functioning as well as verbal and visual memory in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 7 Moreover and as a matter of fact, acute severe hypoglycemia accompanied by seizures might increase the-per se high -risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients especially in patients with DS. 9 Interstitial glucose measurements with the FreeStyle Libre (Abbott Diabetes Care, Germany) (as well as with continuous glucose monitoring [CGM] systems) are intended to replace capillary blood glucose measurement and can be used for 14 days without calibrating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Accuracy of Flash Glucose Monitoring in a Patient with Dravet Syndrome on a Ketogenic Diet

et al. 2019

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We herein report the case of a 3-year-old girl with severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy known as Dravet syndrome (DS) on a ketogenic diet (KD) whose glucose concentrations were controlled by using a flash glucose monitoring system. Two-hundred ninety-three events of moderate hypoglycemia with a minimum of 45 mg/dL, not related to day or night, were recorded during the observational period. Hypoglycemia rate declined from 24.5% of all measurements to 11.8% over time; one hypoglycemia-associated seizure and one seizure due to ketone concentrations below the therapeutic range were observed. In summary, this case report broadens our understanding of hypoglycemia risk in patients with DS on a KD. Especially in childhood, the painless and easy detection of low glucose concentrations might lead to improved cognitive performance, and the reduction of hypoglycemia-induced seizures.

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“…Recent studies also showed that the profiles of fasting state appetite regulating hormones including insulin and leptin were different between breast-and formula-fed infants (Breij et al, 2017;Vasquez-Garibay et al, 2019). Moreover, these hormones have associated with brain development and cognitive function (Plagemann et al, 2005;Farr et al, 2015;Cato and Hershey, 2016).…”

Section: The Physical Properties Of Lipids and Lipid Globulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development

Schipper

Dijk

Beek

2020

OCL

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The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.

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Cognition and Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 37 publications

References 57 publications

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Accuracy of Flash Glucose Monitoring in a Patient with Dravet Syndrome on a Ketogenic Diet

Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development

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