“…During this period of most rapid brain growth, undernutrition inhibits gene expression regulating brain development, resulting in reduced brain size, DNA content, myelinization, cortical dendritic growth, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter content (Nyaradi, Li, Siobhan, Foster, & Oddy, ; Johnson, Riis, & Noble, . Young children suffering from undernutrition have poorer school achievement, diminished cognitive and language ability, and more behavioural problems (Lange, Froimowitz, Bigler, & Lainhart, ; Nelson & Deutschberger, ; Handler, Stoch, & Smythe, ; Ivanovic et al, ; Ivanovic, Perez et al, ; Grantham‐McGregor et al, ; Schoenmaker et al, ; Wright & Emond, ). In Guatemala, S. Africa, Philippines, Jamaica, and Brazil, early cognitive development predicts later school outcomes (reviewed in Grantham‐McGregor et al, ).…”