Cognitive and Motor Components of Response Speed in the Stroop Test in Parkinson's Disease Patients

Hsieh, Yi-Hsing; Chen, Kuan‐Jen; Wang, Chin Chi; Lai, Chiou Lian

doi:10.1016/s1607-551x(08)70117-7

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is remarkable since bradykinesia is a core feature of PD. These findings indicate that mental slowness can be present in PD patients in the absence of motor slowness and strengthen findings of previous studies that demonstrated mental slowness in PD even though these studies did not use tasks that allowed the differentiation of mental and motor slowness (Berry et al, 1999;Gauntlett-Gilbert & Brown, 1998;Hsieh et al, 2008;Muslimovic et al, 2005;Revonsuo et al, 1993;Sawamoto et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Several studies found evidence for the presence of mental slowness (Berry, Nicolson, Foster, Behrmann, & Sagar, 1999;Gauntlett-Gilbert & Brown, 1998;Hsieh, Chen, Wang, & Lai, 2008;Muslimovic, Post, Speelman, & Schmand, 2005;Revonsuo et al, 1993;Sawamoto, Honda, Hanakawa, Fukuyama, & Shibasaki, 2002), whereas other studies could not demonstrate mental slowness in PD (Duncombe, Bradshaw, Iansek, & Phillips, 1994;Helscher & Pinter, 1993;Phillips et al, 1999). A possible explanation for this lack of consensus is that a broad variety of measures is used to assess speed of information processing as an indication of mental slowness.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mental slowness in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Associations with cognitive functions?

Vlagsma

Koerts

Tucha

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Introduction: Motor slowness (bradykinesia) is a core feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is often assumed that patients show mental slowness (bradyphrenia) as well; however, evidence for this is debated. The aims of this study were to determine whether PD patients show mental slowness apart from motor slowness and, if this is the case, to what extent this affects their performance on neuropsychological tests of attention, memory, and executive functions (EF). Method: Fifty-five nondemented PD patients and 65 healthy controls were assessed with a simple information-processing task in which reaction and motor times could be separated. In addition, all patients and a second control group (N = 138) were assessed with neuropsychological tests of attention, memory, and EF. Results: While PD patients showed significantly longer reaction times than healthy controls, their motor times were not significantly longer. Reaction and motor times were only moderately correlated and were not related to clinical measures of disease severity. PD patients performed significantly worse on tests of attention and EF, and for the majority of neuropsychological tests 11-51% of the patients showed a clinically impaired performance. Reaction times did not, however, predict patients' test performance, while motor times were found to have a significant negative influence on tests of attention. Conclusions: PD patients show mental slowness, which can be separated from motor slowness. Neuropsychological test performance is not influenced by mental slowness; however, motor slowness can have a negative impact. When interpreting neuropsychological test performance of PD patients in clinical practice, motor slowness needs to be taken into account.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental slowness in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Associations with cognitive functions?

Vlagsma

Koerts

Tucha

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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“…Response conflict is the competition between two incompatible response trends before the response which further improves the interference effect [19]. It should also be made clear early in the paper what brain mechanisms are usually studied using the Stroop task, such as executive functions[16, 20], cognitive flexibility[21, 22], processing speed[23], conflict management[24–26], attention etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Mechanisms of Selective Attention in Children with Amblyopia

et al. 2015

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Previous studies have indicated that amblyopia might affect children's attention. We recruited amblyopic children and normal children aged 9–11 years as study subjects and compared selective attention between the two groups of children. Chinese characters denoting colors were used in the Stroop task, and the event-related potential (ERP) was analyzed. The results show that the accuracy of both groups in the congruent condition was higher than the incongruent condition, and the reaction time (RT) of amblyopic children was longer. The latency of the occipital P1 in the incongruent condition was shorter than the neutral condition for both groups; the peak of the occipital P1 elicited by the incongruent stimuli in amblyopic children was higher. In both groups, the N1 peak was higher in the occipital region than frontal and central regions. The N1 latency of normal children was shorter in the congruent and neutral conditions and longer in the incongruent condition; the N1 peak of normal children was higher. The N270 latencies of normal children in the congruent and neutral conditions were shorter; the N270 peak was higher in parietal and occipital regions than frontal and central regions for both groups. The N450 latency of normal children was shorter; in both groups, the N450 average amplitude was significantly higher in the parietal region than central and frontal regions. The accuracy was the same for both groups, but the response of amblyopic children was significantly slower. The two groups showed differences in both stages of the Stroop task. Normal children showed advantages in processing speed on both stimulus and response conflict stages.Brain regions activated during the Stroop task were consistent between groups, in line with their age characteristics.

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“…Nonetheless, and more ordinarily, slowness, due to clinical circumstances like dysarthria, mood disorders such as depression, or collateral medication effect, may irremediably affect the performance in the SCWT. In Parkinson's Disease, ideomotor slowness (Gardner et al, 1959;Jankovic et al, 1990) impacts the processing speed in all SCWT conditions, determining a global difficulty in the response execution rather than a specific impairment in the CW condition (Stacy and Jankovic, 1992;Hsieh et al, 2008). Consequently, it seems necessary to relate the performance in the incongruous condition to word reading and color naming abilities, when inhibition capability has to be assessed, as proposed by Caffarra et al (2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stroop Color and Word Test

2007

Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics

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The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) is a neuropsychological test extensively used to assess the ability to inhibit cognitive interference that occurs when the processing of a specific stimulus feature impedes the simultaneous processing of a second stimulus attribute, well-known as the Stroop Effect. The aim of the present work is to verify the theoretical adequacy of the various scoring methods used to measure the Stroop effect. We present a systematic review of studies that have provided normative data for the SCWT. We referred to both electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) and citations. Our findings show that while several scoring methods have been reported in literature, none of the reviewed methods enables us to fully assess the Stroop effect. Furthermore, we discuss several normative scoring methods from the Italian panorama as reported in literature. We claim for an alternative scoring method which takes into consideration both speed and accuracy of the response. Finally, we underline the importance of assessing the performance in all Stroop Test conditions (word reading, color naming, named color-word).

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Cognitive and Motor Components of Response Speed in the Stroop Test in Parkinson's Disease Patients

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

Mental slowness in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Associations with cognitive functions?

Mental slowness in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Associations with cognitive functions?

Neural Mechanisms of Selective Attention in Children with Amblyopia

Stroop Color and Word Test

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