Cognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory.

Tran, Tanya; Hertel, Paula T.; Joormann, Jutta

doi:10.1037/a0021754

Cited by 78 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Under conditions of heightened self-focus, distorted interpretations of ambiguous information transfer to memory (experiment 2, Hertel & El-Messidi, 2006). Third, acquired interpretation biases influence memory for past ambiguous information and memory for subsequently encountered information Tran et al, 2011).…”

Section: Combined Cognitive Bias Hypothesis In Depression 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No training-group differences emerged in recall of initial scenarios. These results were extended by Tran, Hertel, and Joormann (2011). After a positive or negative interpretation bias training (procedure similar to Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000), ambiguous stories ending with a to-be-completed word fragment were presented to the COMBINED COGNITIVE BIAS HYPOTHESIS IN DEPRESSION 19 participants (encoding phase).…”

Section: Causal Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Everaert

Koster

Derakshan

2012

Clinical Psychology Review

274

179

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Drawing from substantial evidence demonstrating cognitive biases in depression at various stages of information processing (i.e., attention, interpretation, memory, cognitive control), we argue for an approach that considers the interplay among these processes. This paper attempts to apply the combined cognitive bias hypothesis (Hirsch, Mathews, & Clark, 2006) to depression research and reviews competing theoretical frameworks that have guided research in this area. We draw on current findings from behavioral studies on the interplay between depression-related processing biases. These data indicate that various cognitive biases are associated. However, it is not clear whether single or multiple biases are most predictive of depressive symptoms. We conclude this article with theoretical and clinical implications of the current state of research in this field and propose a number of ways in which research on the combined cognitive bias hypothesis can be advanced. A State-of-the-art Major depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that is associated with debilitating symptomatic suffering, functional impairments, and high societal costs (Kessler & Wang, 2009). Notwithstanding a range of well-established psychological and pharmacological interventions, relapse and recurrence rates of depression remain high (Vittengl, Clark, Dunn, & Jarrett, 2007) indicating that current therapies do not sufficiently address vulnerability factors for this burdensome disorder. Moreover, with each successive depressive episode the risk for recurrence increases (Boland & Keller, 2009), which points to an expanding vulnerability with multiple episodes. Hence, profound insight into the mechanisms involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression seems essential in improving contemporary treatment options and the prevention of depression.In the past three decades, research inspired by cognitive accounts of depression has been successful in identifying vulnerability factors for this disorder. Apart from substantial research examining depressive cognitive content as a vulnerability factor (e.g., negative thoughts), a promising line of research highlights the role of cognitive biases in the development, maintenance, and relapse/recurrence of depression (for reviews see Mathews & MacLeod, 2005). Research efforts in this particular area of interest have typically focused on abnormalities in attention, interpretation, and memory processes, which are considered to be instrumental in the understanding of the processes involved in these cognitive biases. More recently, there is growing interest into cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive control impairments, which may operate across a variety of cognitive biases. Indeed a substantial number of studies on emotional information processing in depressed samples provide evidence that depression is characterized by attention, interpretation, and memory biases, especially for negative information (see below). COMBINED COGNITIVE BIAS HYPOTHESIS IN DEPRESSION 4This resea...

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Section: Combined Cognitive Bias Hypothesis In Depression 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Causal Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Everaert

Koster

Derakshan

2012

Clinical Psychology Review

274

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this respect, cognitive bias ATTENTION,INTERPRETATION,AND MEMORY BIASES 22 modification procedures provide the necessary tools to test causal pathways (see Koster, Fox, & MacLeod, 2009). Noteworthy are studies by Salemink et al (2010) and Tran et al (2011) that have investigated the influence of interpretation on memory bias by inducing negative and positive interpretive biases in nonclinical samples. However, many other links (e.g., how memory bias may guide attention) between biased cognitive processes need future empirical consideration.…”

Section: Attention Interpretation and Memory Biases 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis.

Everaert¹,

Duyck²,

Koster³

2014

Emotion

168

206

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Emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are viewed as important cognitive processes underlying symptoms of depression. To date, there is a limited understanding of the interplay among these processing biases. This study tested the dependence of memory on depression-related biases in attention and interpretation. Subclinically depressed and nondepressed participants completed a computerized version of the scrambled sentences test (measuring interpretation bias) while their eye movements were recorded (measuring attention bias). This task was followed by an incidental free recall test of previously constructed interpretations (measuring memory bias). Path analysis revealed a good fit for the model in which selective orienting of attention was associated with interpretation bias, which in turn was associated with a congruent bias in memory. Also, a good fit was observed for a path model in which biases in the maintenance of attention and interpretation were associated with memory bias. Both path models attained a superior fit compared with path models without the theorized functional relations among processing biases. These findings enhance understanding of how mechanisms of attention and interpretation regulate what is remembered. As such, they offer support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis or the notion that emotionally biased cognitive processes are not isolated mechanisms but instead influence each other. Implications for theoretical models and emotion regulation across the spectrum of depressive symptoms are discussed.

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“…A first study found that participants trained to interpret ambiguous information negatively exhibited improved recall of negative endings of ambiguous scenarios that were presented before the interpretation training, and vice versa for positive information (Salemink, Hertel, & Mackintosh, 2010). In addition, a second training study demonstrated that trained interpretation biases, either positive or negative, can also affect memory for subsequently encountered ambiguous scenarios in a bias congruent manner (Tran, Hertel, & Joormann, 2011). In line with these findings, Hertel and El-Messidi (2006) observed that, under conditions of experimentally heightened self-focused attention, subclinically depressed individuals interpret homographs (e.g., dump, blue) more often as personal and subsequently recall these interpretations to an increased extent.…”

Section: Relations Between Cognitive Biasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The indirect effect of attention bias on memory via interpretation bias: Evidence for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis in subclinical depression

Everaert

Tierens²,

Uzieblo³

et al. 2013

Cognition & Emotion

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Little research has investigated functional relations among attention, interpretation, and memory biases in depressed samples. The present study tested the indirect effect of attention bias on memory through interpretation bias as an intervening variable in a mixed sample of non-depressed and subclinically depressed individuals. Subclinically depressed and nondepressed individuals completed a spatial cueing task (to measure attention bias), followed by a scrambled sentences test (to measure interpretation bias), and an incidental free recall task (to measure memory bias). Bias-corrected bootstrapping yielded evidence for the hypothesized indirect effect model, in that an emotional bias in attention is related to a congruent bias in interpretative choices which are in turn reflected in memory. These findings extend previous research and add further support for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression. Theoretical and clinical implications of our findings are discussed.Keywords: depression, cognitive processing, combined cognitive bias hypothesis, attention, interpretation, memory. INDIRECT EFFECT OF ATTENTION ON MEMORY 3 Indirect effects of Attention Bias on Memory Bias via Interpretation Bias:Evidence for the Combined Cognitive Bias Hypothesis in Subclinical Depression.The scientific understanding of underlying mechanisms in depression has markedly increased in the past decades. Various cognitive variables at the content (e.g., dysfunctional attitudes) as well as at the process (e.g., memory) level that play a detrimental role in the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms have been identified. At the process level, considerable empirical research has shown that both subclinically and clinically depressed individuals selectively attend to negative information, tend to interpret ambiguous information in a negative manner, and recall disproportionately more negative memories (for reviews, see Gotlib & Joormann, 2010). Although there is extensive evidence supporting attention, interpretation, and memory biases in depression, the interplay between these cognitive mechanisms is not well understood.In recent years, there is a growing consensus that cognitive biases should be studied in an integrative manner to augment understanding of each particular process as well as disordered cognitive functioning (see Everaert, Koster, & Derakshan, 2012;Hertel & Brozovich, 2010;Hirsch, Clark, & Mathews, 2006). It has been advocated that biased cognitive processes influence each other in that a bias at one stage (e.g., attention) affects the processing of this information at the other stages (e.g., interpretation). This notion has been labeled as the combined cognitive bias hypothesis (Hirsch et al., 2006). Indeed, there is increasing empirical study on such functional relations or the dependence between cognitive biases in healthy, at-risk, and depressed samples. Relations Between Cognitive BiasesSome studies have examined memory in relation to emotional biases in attention. A study in a subclinically dep...

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Cognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory.

Cited by 78 publications

References 49 publications

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis.

The indirect effect of attention bias on memory via interpretation bias: Evidence for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis in subclinical depression

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