Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.

Bialystok, Ellen; Craik, Fergus I. M.; Luk, Gigi

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859

Cited by 657 publications

(890 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…However, most phonological and phonetic sociolinguistic studies focused on how individual backgrounds affect specific variants, while the current study explored how individual backgrounds affect the general mechanisms which control the alignment of two tonal systems. The cognitive effects are related to previous findings on bilinguals (Bialystok et al, 2008(Bialystok et al, , 2014Signorelli et al, 2011). However, the effect of auditory working memory on the strength of systematic correspondence is relatively new.…”

Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Few studies have shown the relevance of auditory working memory in speech production. Even bilinguals seem to be similar to monolinguals in auditory working memory (Bialystok et al, 2008) and simultaneous interpreters seem to have no advantage in retaining auditory information (Signorelli et al, 2011). However, would auditory working memory influence the systematic correspondence shown in the bilinguals' production?…”

Section: Individual Backgroundsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Predicting tonal realizations in one Chinese dialect from another

Chen

Heuven

et al. 2016

Speech Communication

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Pronunciation dictionaries are usually expensive and time-consuming to prepare for the computational modeling of human languages, especially when the target language is under-resourced. Northern Chinese dialects are often under-resourced but used by a significant number of speakers. They share the basic sound inventories with Standard Chinese (SC). Also, their words usually share the segmental realizations and logographic written forms with the SC translation equivalents. Hence the pronunciation dictionaries of northern Chinese dialects could be easily available if we were able to predict the tonal realizations of the dialect words from the tonal information of their SC counterparts. This paper applies statistical modeling to investigate the tonal aspect of the related words between a northern dialect, i.e. Jinan Mandarin (JM), and Standard Chinese (SC). Multi-linear regression models were built with between-word pitch distance of JM words as the dependent variable and the following were included as the predictors: SC tonal relations, between-dialect tonal identity, and individual backgrounds. The results showed that tonal relations in SC and between-dialect identity, as predictors featuring the relation between the JM and SC tonal systems, are significant and robust predictors of JM tonal realizations. The speakers' sociolinguistic and cognitive backgrounds, together with the tonal merge and neutral tone information within JM, are important for the prediction of JM tonal realizations and affect the way that between-language predictors take effect.

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Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Individual Backgroundsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Predicting tonal realizations in one Chinese dialect from another

Chen

Heuven

et al. 2016

Speech Communication

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“…All Chinese and Belgian participants were bilingual (i.e., Chinese and English vs. Flemish and French/English) whereas only half of the Canadian participants were bilingual (i.e., English and French). It has been shown that bilinguals have an advantage over monolinguals in nonlinguistic tasks involving executive control (e.g., Bialystok, Craik, & Ryan, 2006;Bialystok, Craik, Klein & Viswanathan, 2004;Bialystok, Craik, & Luk, 2008). Because complex arithmetic problem Complex Arithmetic -21 solving relies on executive control (see DeStefano & LeFevre, 2004, for review), bilinguals' higher level of executive control might have contributed to their strategy efficiency.…”

Section: Cultural Differences In Strategic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural differences in complex addition: Efficient Chinese versus adaptive Belgians and Canadians.

Imbo

LeFevre

2009

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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In the present study, the authors tested the effects of working-memory load on math problem solving in 3 different cultures: Flemish-speaking Belgians, English-speaking Canadians, and Chinese-speaking Chinese currently living in Canada. Participants solved complex addition problems (e.g., 58 ϩ 76) in no-load and working-memory load conditions, in which either the central executive or the phonological loop was loaded. The authors used the choice/no-choice method to obtain unbiased measures of strategy selection and strategy efficiency. The Chinese participants were faster than the Belgians, who were faster and more accurate than the Canadians. The Chinese also required fewer working-memory resources than did the Belgians and Canadians. However, the Chinese chose less adaptively from the available strategies than did the Belgians and Canadians. These cultural differences in math problem solving are likely the result of different instructional approaches during elementary school (practice and training in Asian countries vs. exploration and flexibility in non-Asian countries), differences in the number language, and informal cultural norms and standards. The relevance of being adaptive is discussed as well as the implications of the results in regards to the strategy choice and discovery simulation model of strategy selection (J. Shrager & R. S. Siegler, 1998).

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“…Older bilinguals typically show better executive function (EF) performance than their monolingual peers (Bialystok et al, 2008; see Bialystok and Craik, 2010 for a review). The bilingual participants in these studies had used both languages actively on a daily basis since childhood, so had accumulated a considerable amount of experience in manipulating both languages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains White Matter Integrity in Older Adults

Luk¹,

Bialystok²,

Craik³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

355

303

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Previous research has shown that bilingual speakers have higher levels of cognitive control than comparable monolinguals, especially at older ages. The present study investigates a possible neural correlate of this behavioral effect. Given that white matter (WM) integrity decreases with age in adulthood, we tested the hypothesis that bilingualism is associated with maintenance of WM in older people. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we found higher WM integrity in older people who were lifelong bilinguals than in monolinguals. This maintained integrity was measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) and was found in the corpus callosum extending to the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. We also hypothesized that stronger WM connections would be associated with more widely distributed patterns of functional connectivity in bilinguals. We tested this by assessing the resting-state functional connectivity of frontal lobe regions adjacent to WM areas with group differences in FA. Bilinguals showed stronger anterior to posterior functional connectivity compared to monolinguals. These results are the first evidence that maintained WM integrity is related to lifelong naturally occurring experience; the resulting enhanced structural and functional connectivity may provide a neural basis for "brain reserve."

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Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.

Cited by 657 publications

References 92 publications

Predicting tonal realizations in one Chinese dialect from another

Predicting tonal realizations in one Chinese dialect from another

Cultural differences in complex addition: Efficient Chinese versus adaptive Belgians and Canadians.

Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains White Matter Integrity in Older Adults

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