Cognitive Control of Eating Behavior and the Disinhibition Effect

Westenhöfer, Joachim; Broeckmann, Petra; Münch, Anne-Kathrin; Pudel, Volker

doi:10.1006/appe.1994.1032

Cited by 209 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…2,23,24 Two laboratory studies that attempted to identify whether restraint or disinhibition are primarily associated with counter-regulation found that in normal weight women, post-preload counter-regulation is only seen in those with high TFEQ restraint scores who also have high scores on the TFEQ disinhibition subscale. 25,26 In contrast, high disinhibition predicted higher post-preload intake regardless of level of restraint.…”

Section: Widely Used Methods Of Measuring Dietary Restraint Confound mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…People scoring higher for rigid restraint show counter-regulation in laboratory tasks, whereas those with high flexible restraint show more effective regulation of intake following a preload. 25 Higher scores on rigid restraint show consistently positive associations with measures of disinhibited eating, whereas flexible restraint typically has a negative association. [83][84][85] Rigid restraint has also been generally demonstrated to have a positive association with BMI, whereas associations between flexible restraint and BMI are more variable, 43,84,86,87 although a distinction has not been seen in all studies.…”

Section: Different Types Of Restraint May Have Divergent Associationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

2011

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Self-control is generally viewed as highly desirable. In the eating behavior domain, however, the dominance of restraint theory has made the proposition that individuals should attempt to control their eating more controversial. This review discusses evidence from the dietary restraint literature and from studies of self-regulation processes to examine how far self-imposed control around food can be seen as beneficial for effective weight management. Epidemiological and field study evidence provides little support for the proposition that restrained eating causes disinhibited eating patterns. Restraint is often initiated as a response to weight gain, and the co-occurrence of disinhibited and restrained eating patterns on an individual level might better be explained by restraint acting as a marker for overeating tendencies. A sustained effort to monitor and control food intake characterizes successful long-term weight maintenance, suggesting that self-regulation in the eating domain is essential for those with a tendency to gain weight. Evidence from the literature on cognitive self-regulation suggests that there may be potential for people to learn to self-regulate better, both through training and controlled exposure techniques. Integration of the disparate theories of self-regulation is needed to identify the best ways of promoting self-regulation in order to support effective weight control, both in clinical and community settings.

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Section: Widely Used Methods Of Measuring Dietary Restraint Confound mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Different Types Of Restraint May Have Divergent Associationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

2011

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“…Also, their disinhibition scores were relatively low, and they were positively correlated with their cognitive restraint scores, indicating that they allowed disinhibition of restraint occasionally. Table 3 Results with respect to body weight loss and body weight regain (n 27) for the three groups: successful (n 7, twice à 50% regain); partly successful (n 8, once a`50% regain; once a b 50% regain); unsuccessful (n 12, twice a b 50% regain In this respect, Westenhoefer and co-workers, 37,38 report that rigid control of eating behaviour is associated with increased disinhibition or susceptibility scores and with high cognitive restraint scores. This might coincide with the differences between the successful and unsuccessful group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of weight maintenance in women after diet-induced weight reduction

1997

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OBJECTIVE: Assessment of determinants for relatively successful weight maintenance in women after diet-induced weight reduction. DESIGN: Subjects followed two weight cycles over two years, each cycle starting with a Very Low Energy Diet (VLED) (2.8 MJad), in a free-living situation. They completed the Herman Polivy Restraint Questionnaire and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire twice, that is, before and during the ®rst VLED. SUBJECTS: Twenty seven obese women, body mass index (BMI) (28±38 kgam 2 ), age (19±53 y), being premenopausal and healthy, participated twice in the energy restriction periods with one year follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and body composition were measured at weeks 0, 8, 60, 68 and 120 after the start of the ®rst VLED. Scores on the restraint scales before and during the ®rst VLED were analysed. Percentages regain after one year and after two years follow-up were related to these scores. RESULTS: Three groups appeared with respect to success regarding weight maintenance. Group 1 (successful): twice a regain`50% of weight loss; group 2 (partly successful): once a regain`50% of weight loss and group 3 (unsuccessful): twice a regain of b 50% of weight loss. Percentage regain was negatively correlated to an increase in cognitive restrained eating behaviour (r 0.8; P 0.0001). A change in attitude with respect to food intake, expressed as an increase in cognitive restraint, and as a positive relationship between cognitive restraint and disinhibition was related to successful weight maintenance. CONCLUSION: An increase in cognitive restraint from before, to during, the diet, and a positive correlation between cognitive restraint and disinhibition, are two determinants representing eating behaviour for successful weight maintenance.

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“…This cyclical pattern of restriction and overeating is reflected well in studies which demonstrate a 'disinhibition effect'. Here participants overeat (thus cannot maintain restraint over eating) in a variety of situations, such as being exposed to stress (37), in the presence of palatable food (16) and following a preload (11,38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, individuals who score high on Disinhibition and low on Restraint (HDLR) show a higher body weight and BMI, whereas those who score low on Disinhibition and high on Restraint (LDHR) show a much lower body weight (8)(9)(10). Furthermore, in response to consumption of preloads (11)(12)(13), stress (14) and negative affect (15), HDHR individuals respond by overeating. LDHR individuals however, maintain cognitive control over eating, and do not respond by over-consuming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%