Cognitive Issues in the Older Adult

Ciolek, Cathy H.; Lee, Sin Yi

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-60912-8.00019-1

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 183 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It has also been suggested that P2 plays an important role in top-down cognitive control ( Karamacoska et al, 2019 ; Lai et al, 2020 ). Therefore, together with the significant differences between age groups in the Trail-Making Test (TMT) [indicative of visual scanning ability and working memory ( Arbuthnott and Frank, 2020 ; Ciolek and Lee, 2020 )], the age-related increase in P2 amplitude and prolonged P2 latency are indeed indicative of impaired cognitive control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Bases of Age-Related Sensorimotor Slowing in the Upper and Lower Limbs

Marušič

Peskar

Pauw

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With advanced age, there is a loss of reaction speed that may contribute to an increased risk of tripping and falling. Avoiding falls and injuries requires awareness of the threat, followed by selection and execution of the appropriate motor response. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and a simple visual reaction task (RT), the goal of our study was to distinguish sensory and motor processing in the upper- and lower-limbs while attempting to uncover the main cause of age-related behavioral slowing. Strength (amplitudes) as well as timing and speed (latencies) of various stages of stimulus- and motor-related processing were analyzed in 48 healthy individuals (young adults, n = 24, mean age = 34 years; older adults, n = 24, mean age = 67 years). The behavioral results showed a significant age-related slowing, where the younger compared to older adults exhibited shorter RTs for the upper- (222 vs. 255 ms; p = 0.006, respectively) and the lower limb (257 vs. 274 ms; p = 0.048, respectively) as well as lower variability in both modalities (p = 0.001). Using ERP indices, age-related slowing of visual stimulus processing was characterized by overall larger amplitudes with delayed latencies of endogenous potentials in older compared with younger adults. While no differences were found in the P1 component, the later components of recorded potentials for visual stimuli processing were most affected by age. This was characterized by increased N1 and P2 amplitudes and delayed P2 latencies in both upper and lower extremities. The analysis of motor-related cortical potentials (MR) revealed stronger MRCP amplitude for upper- and a non-significant trend for lower limbs in older adults. The MRCP amplitude was smaller and peaked closer to the actual motor response for the upper- than for the lower limb in both age groups. There were longer MRCP onset latencies for lower- compared to upper-limb in younger adults, and a non-significant trend was seen in older adults. Multiple regression analyses showed that the onset of the MRCP peak consistently predicted reaction time across both age groups and limbs tested. However, MRCP rise time and P2 latency were also significant predictors of simple reaction time, but only in older adults and only for the upper limbs. Our study suggests that motor cortical processes contribute most strongly to the slowing of simple reaction time in advanced age. However, late-stage cortical processing related to sensory stimuli also appears to play a role in upper limb responses in the elderly. This process most likely reflects less efficient recruitment of neuronal resources required for the upper and lower extremity response task in older adults.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Bases of Age-Related Sensorimotor Slowing in the Upper and Lower Limbs

Marušič

Peskar

Pauw

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Prior research from Kalman et al [11] indicated that 3-days of ASI supplementation (1500 mg/d) decreased Trail Making Test (TMT) part B performance times by 35% compared to placebo while 14-days of supplementation improved performance on this test by 28% [11]. The trail making test (TMT) asks participants to draw lines between consecutive circles displayed randomly on a page (TMT-A uses all numbers while the more complex TMT-B uses alternating numbers and letters) [33,34]. The TMT-B involves working memory, visual-spatial skills, as well as motor and executive functions [33,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The trail making test (TMT) asks participants to draw lines between consecutive circles displayed randomly on a page (TMT-A uses all numbers while the more complex TMT-B uses alternating numbers and letters) [33,34]. The TMT-B involves working memory, visual-spatial skills, as well as motor and executive functions [33,35]. These findings suggest that ASI supplementation enhanced visual attention, search speed, processing speed, mental flexibility, and executive functioning [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Inositol-Enhanced Bonded Arginine Silicate Ingestion on Cognitive and Executive Function in Gamers

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Inositol stabilized arginine silicate (ASI) ingestion has been reported to increase nitric oxide levels while inositol (I) has been reported to enhance neurotransmission. The current study examined whether acute ASI + I (Inositol-enhanced bonded arginine silicate) ingestion affects cognitive function in e-sport gamers. In a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, and crossover trial, 26 healthy male (n = 18) and female (n = 8) experienced gamers (23 ± 5 years, 171 ± 11 cm, 71.1 ± 14 kg, 20.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to consume 1600 mg of ASI + I (nooLVL®, Nutrition 21) or 1600 mg of a maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Prior to testing, participants recorded their diet, refrained from consuming atypical amounts of stimulants and foods high in arginine and nitrates, and fasted for 8 h. During testing sessions, participants completed stimulant sensitivity questionnaires and performed cognitive function tests (i.e., Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting task test, Go/No-Go test, Sternberg Task Test, Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test, Cambridge Brain Sciences Reasoning and Concentration test) and a light reaction test. Participants then ingested treatments in a randomized manner. Fifteen minutes following ingestion, participants repeated tests (Pre-Game). Participants then played their favorite video game for 1-h and repeated the battery of tests (Post-Game). Participants observed a 7–14-day washout period and then replicated the study with the alternative treatment. Data were analyzed by General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures using weight as a covariate, paired t-tests (not adjusted to weight), and mean changes from baseline with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Pairwise comparison revealed that there was a significant improvement in Sternberg Mean Present Reaction Time (ASI + I vs. PLA; p < 0.05). In Post-Game assessments, 4-letter Absent Reaction Time (p < 0.05), 6-letter Present Reaction Time (p < 0.01), 6-letter Absent Reaction Time (p < 0.01), Mean Present Reaction Time (p < 0.02), and Mean Absent Reaction Time (p < 0.03) were improved with ASI + I vs. PLA. There was a non-significant trend in Pre-Game Sternberg 4-letter Present Reaction time in ASI + I vs. PLA (p < 0.07). ASI + I ingestion better maintained changes in Go/No-Go Mean Accuracy and Reaction Time, Psychomotor Vigilance Task Reaction Time, and Cambridge Post-Game Visio-spatial Processing and Planning. Results provide evidence that ASI + I ingestion prior to playing video games may enhance some measures of short-term and working memory, reaction time, reasoning, and concentration in experienced gamers.

show abstract

“…TMT-A is used for evaluating WM. The time required for completion of the test is recorded as the test result [24]. The mean duration needed to finish the test was reduced from However, in Group B, the mean difference was the same in the third and sixth week, i.e., 0.59, and a significant difference was found in the two groups in the third and sixth week post intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Dual Task Training Versus Aerobics Training in Improving Cognition in Healthy Elderly Population

Mundada¹,

Dadgal²

2022

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundCognitive impairments, particularly in old age, are pervasive and occur because of both normal and pathological senescence. Engaging in some routine bodily activities combined with activities that stimulate cognitive skills appears beneficial in increasing cognitive resistance to degenerative processes of the brain. Dual-task training (DTT) by combining motor and cognitive activities causes improvement, particularly in executive function, working memory and divided attention, whereas aerobic exercise training (AET) plays an important role in improving executive function, attention, and memory. In this study, we attempted to compare the efficiency of DTT versus AT in improving cognitive function in healthy older individuals. MethodsForty healthy older adults between 60 and 70 years of age who met the inclusion criteria participated in this study. They were randomly split into two groups A and B. Group A (64.05±3.17 years) received DTT three times a week, whereas group B (65.50±3.44 years) received AT five times a week. Both training programs were conducted for six weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using Trail Making Test (TMT)-A, TMT-B, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The assessment was done at baseline (first day of intervention), on completion of the third week, and again at the end of the training session i.e., the sixth week. The Chisquare test and the student's paired and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical analysis with a level of significance P<0.05. Discussion and resultBetterment in cognitive functions was evident after six weeks of DTT and AET. Post-intervention improvements were noted in TMT-A, TMT-B, and MoCA scores in both groups A and B (P>0.0001). However, the difference between the pre and post-intervention scores was greater for group A compared to group B indicative of remarkable improvements in cognitive function in group A. ConclusionThe current study demonstrated that both DTT and AET are notably efficient in improving cognitive function in a healthy elderly population. However, in comparison, DTT was significantly more effective than AET (P<0.05). This shows that six weeks of DTT is effective in improving cognitive function and slowing ageassociated cognitive decline in older adults.

show abstract

Cognitive Issues in the Older Adult

Cited by 16 publications

References 183 publications

Neural Bases of Age-Related Sensorimotor Slowing in the Upper and Lower Limbs

Neural Bases of Age-Related Sensorimotor Slowing in the Upper and Lower Limbs

Effects of Inositol-Enhanced Bonded Arginine Silicate Ingestion on Cognitive and Executive Function in Gamers

Comparison of Dual Task Training Versus Aerobics Training in Improving Cognition in Healthy Elderly Population

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About