“…Such 'action-control' frameworks suggest that volitional processes operating in a post-intentional manner determine the enactment of intentions. Action-control frameworks were pioneered in the model of action phases (Gollwitzer, 1990;Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987) and have later been incorporated in other frameworks including the health action process approach (HAPA; Schwarzer, 2008a), the IChange model (de Vries, Mesters, van de Steeg, & Honing, 2005), and others (e.g., Fuchs, Seelig, Göhner, Burton, & Brown, 2012;Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2014). Separate intentional and volitional phases are common to these approaches and describe the processes by which individuals perform their intended behaviours to attain their goals.…”