“…Finally, it may be worth remembering that meta-analytic reviews of the persuasion literature consistently find that, even after removing the variability attributable to sampling error and artifact, there still remains enough study-to-study variability to justify the search for moderators (see, e.g., Boster & Mongeau, 1984;Dillard et al, 1984;Jackson & Allen, 1987;Stiff, 1986). Our claim is not that this positively demonstrates the existence of variability in treatment effects across messages (it doesn't), but only that the existence of such residual study-to-study variability is consistent with the existence of nonuniform treatment effects across messages.…”