Cognitive Radio_Based Backup Protection Scheme for Smart Grid Applications

Abstract

In this paper, a backup protection scheme is presented. The proposed scheme uses the concept of a cognitive radio-based wireless sensor network to implement a protection scheme without the need for conventional electric wires and/or optical fiber between current and voltage transducers, control panels, and circuit breakers. The proposed scheme uses unlicensed spectrum channels by applying spectrum sensing and frequency allocation algorithms that are used in cognitive radio based systems. The importance of the proposed scheme comes from its cost effectiveness compared to the Ethernet communication both wired and wireless if the data transfer and message exchange is done using cognitive radio_based communication for relatively long distances. The proposed scheme utilizes cognitive radio-based communication network to convey analog and digital signals within a substation. In this way, it saves the cost of the copper wires and/or optical fiber that would be used to transmit digital and analog signals. Further, it does not require the expensive spectrum licenses that would have been purchased if Ethernet long-distance wireless communications are utilized. To assess the benefits/challenges related to the application of cognitive radio_based communication, a detailed and realistic modeling of both power systems and cognitive radio_based communication systems is performed simultaneously. The proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and performance of the proposed scheme was investigated under different communication scenarios.

Improving Reliability of Protection Communication in a 5G Slice

“…In [26][27][28][29], co-simulations of power systems and communication networks are conducted for capacitor bank, on-load tap changer (OLTC), and distributed generation control over WiMAX and LTE [26], for demand response control via Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) [27], and voltage control via LTE [28] and ZigBee [29]. In [30][31][32][33][34][35][36], co-simulation has been used to study various communication technologies such as CR [30], wireless local area network (WLAN) [31], customer 916.5 MHz channel [32], WiMAX [33,36], wired [34,35], and LTE [36] for protection applications, which include overcurrent protection [30,34], fault detection [31], differential protection [32,33,35], adaptive protection [33], and disconnection of generation protection [36]. In [37][38][39], protection communication based on IEC 61850 Sampled Values (SV) and GOOSE over 5G has been studied with co-simulation.…”

“…In [3, 26-39, 47, 48, 52, 53], commercial communication networks are not used, while in this paper commercial 5G network with a business subscription is employed. In [3,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], 5G technology is not considered, but other wireless and wired technologies, including NB-IoT [27,41,42], LTE [26,28,36,45,46], ZigBee [29,44], CR [30], WLAN [31,43], customer 916.5 MHz channel [32], WiMAX [26,33,36], wired [3,34,35,48], LoRa [47], and WiFi [49,50]. In [26-29, 41-43, 47, 52, 53], protection applications are not used; instead, the application...…”

Prioritizing protection communication in a 5G slice: Evaluating HTB traffic shaping and UL bitrate adaptation for enhanced reliability

“…Compared to this paper, [19, 29-37, 44, 45] do not use hardware IEDs but rather simulation software [29][30][31][32][33]44], Rapid61850 software [34], simulation on the real-time operating system [19], and emulated IEDs [35,37,45]. Ref.…”

“…In [3,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][43][44][45], commercial communication networks are not used, while in this paper, a commercial 5G network with a business subscription is employed. In [3,19,[29][30][31][32][33][38][39][40][41][42][43], 5G technology is not considered, but other wireless and wired technologies are, including NB-IoT [29,38,39], LTE [30,41,42], ZigBee [31,40], CR [32], wired [3,33], LoRa [43], and Wi-Fi [19]. In [29-31, 38, 39, 43-45], protection applications are not used; instead, the applications include demand response control [29,38], voltage control [30,31], meter reading [39], microgrid control [43], state estimation [44], and fault inspection [45].…”

Microgrid Protection Challenges and Mitigation Approaches–A Comprehensive Review

“…Fault current was analyzed in [150] to determine the overcurrent protection scheme for islanded and grid-connected operation modes of the microgrid. A cognitive radio-based protection scheme is introduced for the protection of the smart grids [151]. Data mining and wavelet analysis-based protection scheme is introduced for the protection of microgrids [152].…”