Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease

Stern, Yaakov

doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70191-6

Cited by 2,676 publications

(2,548 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, the included participants might have a lower risk of cognitive decline. Fifth, cognitive reserve, which is determined by lifetime exposures, including occupational attainment and physical and leisure activities, may contribute to individual differences in age‐related cognitive changes 42, 43. Possible residual confounding, including occupational attainment and physical activity, may be affecting the associations of BP levels or variability with cognition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐Term Blood Pressure Level and Variability From Midlife to Later Life and Subsequent Cognitive Change: The ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Yano

Griswold

Wang

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundTo understand how blood pressure (BP) from midlife and beyond is related to cognition in older age, a lifespan approach is needed. We assessed the associations of BP levels and variability from midlife on with subsequent cognitive change.Methods and ResultsThe ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study participants underwent 4 clinic BP measurements (visit 1, 2, 3, and 4 BPs) between 1987 and 1998, and their mean levels and average real variability (ARV) were assessed as exposures. A global cognitive z score, estimated from the Delayed Word Recall Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and Word Fluency Test scores, was calculated at 1996 to 1998 (visit 4) and 2011 to 2013 (visit 5). Among 11 408 participants (mean age, 54 years; 56% women; 21% black race), mean systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP) level was 123/72 mm Hg, and ARVSBP/ARVDBP was 11/7 mm Hg. With linear mixed models, 1‐SD increases of ARVSBP (standardized regression coefficient [95% confidence interval], −0.03 [−0.04 to −0.01] points) and ARVDBP (standardized regression coefficient [95% confidence interval], −0.02 [−0.03 to −0.002] points; both P<0.05), but not mean SBP or DBP levels, were associated with lower global cognitive z scores at visit 4. In contrast, mean SBP (standardized regression coefficient [95% confidence interval], −0.04 [−0.06 to −0.02] points) or DBP (standardized regression coefficient [95% confidence interval], 0.04 [0.02–0.06] points; both P<0.001) level, but not ARVSBP or ARVDBP, was associated with change in global cognitive z scores from visits 4 to 5.ConclusionsGreater visit‐to‐visit SBP or DBP variability from midlife on is modestly associated with lower cognitive function, whereas higher mean SBP and lower DBP levels from midlife to later life are modestly associated with cognitive decline in later life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐Term Blood Pressure Level and Variability From Midlife to Later Life and Subsequent Cognitive Change: The ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Yano

Griswold

Wang

et al. 2018

JAHA

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“…This is due to the fact that the number of years of study could be a factor of cognitive reserve (Stern, 2009(Stern, , 2012. According to the hypothesis of cognitive reserve activities such as reading, writing, learning languages, physical activity and recreation, for example, help to decrease the decline of cognitive functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks: normative data for elderly Brazilians

Esteves¹,

Oliveira²,

Moret-Tatay³

et al. 2015

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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This study aims to investigate the infl uence of sociodemographic characteristics on the performance of older people on two tasks of verbal fl uency and provide normative data for a Brazilian population of healthy elderly individuals with different educational levels. The initial sample included 521 individuals aged from 60 years, participating in the Program Family Health Strategy. Participants who had scores suggestive of cognitive decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination, depressive symptoms in Geriatric Depression Scale and self-reported neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The fi nal sample consisted of 218 participants in phonemic verbal fl uency task (letters F, A and S) and 265 participants for semantic verbal fl uency task (animals). The performance in both tests was associated with age and education, but not with sex. Still, the education variable was shown to have a greater impact on scores in phonemic and semantic tests than age in both forms of evocation. The results of this study suggest the importance of providing normative data for elderly Brazilians appropriate to age and education on verbal fl uency tasks. Keywords: Verbal fl uency, normative data, elderly. ResumoEste estudo buscou investigar a infl uência de características sociodemográfi cas no desempenho de idosos em duas tarefas de fl uência verbal, além de fornecer dados normativos de referência nessas tarefas, conforme níveis de educação, para a população brasileira de idosos saudáveis . A amostra inicial incluiu 521 idosos com idade a partir 60 anos, participantes do Programa Estratégia Saúde na Família. Foram excluídos os participantes que tinham pontuações sugestivas de declínio cognitivo no Mini Exame do Estado Mental, de sintomas depressivos na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e com autorrelato de doenças neurológicas ou de distúrbios psiquiátricos. A amostra fi nal foi composta por 218 participantes que responderam à tarefa de fl uência verbal fonêmica (letras F, A e S) e 265 que responderam à tarefa semântica (animais). O desempenho em ambas as tarefas foi associado à idade e aos anos de ensino formal, mas não ao sexo. Ainda, a variável escolaridade mostrou ter um impacto maior no desempenho de fl uência verbal do que a idade em ambas as modalidades de evocação. Os resultados desse estudo sugerem a importância de oferecer dados normativos de idosos brasileiros, adequados à idade e à escolaridade, em tarefas de fl uência verbal.

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“…Neurodevelopmental abnormality and cognitive reserve are related, and are important concepts in understanding the functional decline observed later in life (Satz et al 1993;Stern, 2002Stern, , 2012. Schizophreniarelated neurodevelopmental abnormalities have a profound negative impact on brain and cognitive reserve.…”

Section: Neurodevelopment Cognitive Reserve and Functional Declinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…More importantly, neurodevelopmental abnormality is likely to be associated with temporary or permanent functional decline in response to a large number of events later in life. Dementia research clearly shows that people with high cognitive reserve are resilient to the effects of aging (Stern, 2012) and it can be expected that aging and other factors can lead to non-schizophrenia-related cognitive decline or ineffective cognitive improvement in some patients with schizophrenia later in life. Such changes can have devastating effects on independent living skills in schizophrenia patients, who already have a severe pre-morbid cognitive dysfunction.…”

Section: Neurodevelopment Cognitive Reserve and Functional Declinementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopmental origin of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia

2014

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Cognitive impairment is a common feature of schizophrenia; however, its origin remains controversial. Neurodevelopmental abnormalities clearly play a role in pre-morbid cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, yet many authors believe that schizophrenia is characterized by illness-related cognitive decline before and after onset of the psychosis that can be the result of neurodegenerative changes. The main reasons behinds such arguments include, first, the evidence showing that effect sizes of the cognitive deficits in subjects who develop adult schizophrenia gradually increase in the first two decades of life and, second, the fact that there is functional decline in many patients with schizophrenia over the years. In this Editorial, I argue that current evidence suggests that illness-related cognitive impairment is neurodevelopmental in origin and characterized by slower gain (developmental lag) but not cognitive decline continuing throughout the first two decades of life. I introduce a model suggesting that neurodevelopmental abnormality can in fact explain the course of cognitive dysfunction and variations in the trajectory of functional decline throughout the life in individuals with schizophrenia. In this model, the severity of underlying neurodevelopmental abnormality determines the age that cognitive deficits first become apparent and contributes to the cognitive reserve of the individual. Interaction of neurodevelopmental abnormality with clinical symptoms, especially negative symptoms and aging, vascular changes, psychological and iatrogenic factors contributes to the heterogeneity of the functional trajectory observed in this disorder.

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Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 2,676 publications

References 56 publications

Long‐Term Blood Pressure Level and Variability From Midlife to Later Life and Subsequent Cognitive Change: The ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Long‐Term Blood Pressure Level and Variability From Midlife to Later Life and Subsequent Cognitive Change: The ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks: normative data for elderly Brazilians

Neurodevelopmental origin of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia

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