Cognitive reserve index and functional and cognitive outcomes in severe acquired brain injury: A pilot study

Bertoni, Debora; Petraglia, F.; Basagni, Benedetta; Pedrazzi, Giuseppe; Gaetano, Katia De; Cipolla, Costantino; Tanti, Antonio De

doi:10.1080/23279095.2020.1804910

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…However, we found that a Life experience proxy of CR did potentially contribute to a compensation of cognitive performance in individuals with SCD. This is in line with recent studies reporting that the effect of CR is stronger for CR measures that quantify learning experiences occurring along with the lifespan (Bertoni et al, 2020; Lee et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The aim of the present study was to systematically investigate the heterogeneity of the potential effects of CR in individuals with probable AD and with SCD. We explored this issue using two CR proxies: Years of Education and CRI, a composite measure obtained from the CRIq (Nucci et al, 2012) that quantifies a wide range of life experiences (Bertoni et al, 2020; Franzmeier et al, 2017; Lee et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'CRI' is the term used to define the total score of the CRIq questionnaire and is calculated as the average of CRI-Education, CRI-WorkingActivity, and CRI-LeisureTime (Nucci et al, 2012), which is then standardized to have a mean of 100 and SD of 50. In cases in which it was impossible for the participant to directly respond to the questionnaire, it was answered by the caregiver (i.e., his/her close family member, who normally also accompanied the patients to the clinical service) (see also Bertoni et al, 2020;Mondini et al, 2016). The frequencies of certain leisure activities had possibly changed in some participants with probable AD due to their clinical condition; thus, the period during their lifespan in which they engaged in those activities with the highest frequency was used in the calculation of CRI.…”

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterogeneity of effects of cognitive reserve on performance in probable Alzheimer’s disease and in subjective cognitive decline.

Montemurro¹,

Mondini²,

Arcara³

2021

Neuropsychology

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OBJECTIVE:Cognitive reserve (CR) is a term used to describe the adaptability of cognitive processes to brain changes. It helps to explain the differential cognitive adaptation to daily functioning in aging individuals and in individuals with brain pathology, with a higher CR associated with a delay in the manifestation of cognitive symptoms. CR can be estimated using different proxies, such as education, life experience, premorbid IQ, and vocabulary size.Despite the complexity of CR, little research to date has systematically focused on the heterogeneity of its effects. METHOD:We investigated this issue in individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in those with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) by focusing on two variables: 1) the type of CR proxy (i.e., Education and Life-experience); and 2) the type of test used to assess cognitive performance (i.e., the MMSE screening test and the extensive ENB-2 test battery). RESULTS:Our results suggested that effects on CR varied: in individuals with probable AD, we found a positive relationship of Education with performance on both the MMSE and the ENB-2 tests. In contrast, individuals with SCD showed a positive relationship of Life-experience selectively with the ENB-2 global score. CONCLUSIONS:Different proxies can detect different compensatory effects of CR depending on task demand and on an individual's global cognitive condition. In particular, while the Education proxy can capture CR-related cognitive compensation in pathological conditions such as probable AD, the more complex Life-experience proxy might be useful for capturing CR-related effects when signs of cognitive decline are subtle.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Heterogeneity of effects of cognitive reserve on performance in probable Alzheimer’s disease and in subjective cognitive decline.

Montemurro¹,

Mondini²,

Arcara³

2021

Neuropsychology

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“…For clinical sample studies, different CR questionnaires were chosen, considering several pathologies. The CRIq was used in outpatient cohorts of multiple sclerosis ( Ifantopoulou et al, 2019 ; Artemiadis et al, 2020 ), severe acquired brain injury (sABI; Bertoni et al, 2020 ), dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease ( Montemurro et al, 2018 ), and substance use ( Toledo-Fernández et al, 2020 ). The LEQ was administered to patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal degeneration (bvFTD; Kinney et al, 2021 ) and dementia ( Paplikar et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

et al. 2022

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The cognitive reserve (CR) is widely accepted as the active ability to cope with brain damage, using preexisting cognitive and compensatory processes. The common CR proxies used are the number of formal years of education, intelligence quotient (IQ) or premorbid functioning, occupation attainment, and participation in leisure activities. More recently, it has employed the level of literacy and engagement in high-level cognitive demand of professional activities. This study aims to identify and summarize published methodologies to assess the CR quantitatively. We searched for published studies on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science between September 2018 and September 2021. We only included those studies that characterized the CR assessment methodology. The search strategy identified 1,285 publications, of which 25 were included. Most of the instruments targeted proxies individually. The lack of a gold standard tool that incorporates all proxies and cognitive tests highlights the need to develop a more holistic battery for the quantitative assessment of CR. Further studies should focus on a quantitative methodology that includes all these proxies supported by normative data to improve the use of CR as a valid measure in clinical contexts.

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“…The total score of CRIq was then categorized into five levels: low (≤ 70), moderate low (70–84), moderate (85–114), moderate high (115–130), and high (≥ 130) ( Nucci et al, 2012 ). CRIq had been translated into different languages and used in populations of Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, acquired brain injury ( Bertoni et al, 2022 ), multiple sclerosis ( Ozakbas et al, 2021 ), Parkinson’s disease ( Guzzetti et al, 2019 ), and healthy adults ( Maiovis et al, 2016 ). CRIq is a semi-structured interview questionnaire.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderating effect of cognitive reserve on cognitive function in patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Li¹,

Kong²,

Zhu³

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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BackgroundRecovery of cognitive function after stroke has inter-individual variability. The theory of cognitive reserve offers a potential explanation of the variability in cognitive function after stroke.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of cognitive reserve on the relationship between the stroke severity and cognitive function after stroke.Materials and methodsA total of 220 patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) were recruited in 2021 from two stroke centers in Nanjing, China. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess stroke severity upon admission. Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) and validated Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Changsha Version (MoCA-CS) were used to assess cognitive reserve and cognitive function within 7 days after stroke onset, respectively. A series of multivariate linear regression models were applied to test the moderating effect of cognitive reserve.ResultsPatients with a higher level of cognitive reserve had better cognitive function after stroke compared with those with a lower level of cognitive reserve (β = 0.074, p = 0.003). The interaction of NIHSS and cognitive reserve was statistically significant (β = −0.010, p = 0.045) after adjusting for some key covariates [e.g., age, marital status, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification, Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, cerebral vascular stenosis, diabetes and atrial fibrillation].ConclusionCognitive reserve may help to buffer the effect of stroke-related pathology on cognitive decline in Chinese acute stroke patients. Enhancing cognitive reserve in stroke patients may be one of the potential strategies for preventing vascular dementia.

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Cognitive reserve index and functional and cognitive outcomes in severe acquired brain injury: A pilot study

Cited by 8 publications

References 52 publications

Heterogeneity of effects of cognitive reserve on performance in probable Alzheimer’s disease and in subjective cognitive decline.

Heterogeneity of effects of cognitive reserve on performance in probable Alzheimer’s disease and in subjective cognitive decline.

The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

The moderating effect of cognitive reserve on cognitive function in patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

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