Cognitive Strategies for Goalkeeper Responding to Soccer Penalty Kick

Abstract

The main aim of the present study was to examine how a goalkeeper's response-initiation time influences the accuracy of the response to a soccer penalty kick. The participants were 24 university male students in two groups: 12 experienced soccer goalkeepers, and 12 experienced soccer field players. They were required to watch videos made by three different kickers preparing a penalty kick, then 12 ensuing moments, occluded 467 msec. before impact of the kicker's foot with the ball to 267 msec. after impact. There were three different kicks (instep, front of foot, inside of foot) directed at three different possible positions within the goal (left, right, center). As a response, participants were required to move their body to intercept the oncoming ball. Results showed that neither the goalkeepers' group nor the field players' group could use the advance visual cues to anticipate the direction of the ball when they initiated a response before the moment of impact during the penalty kick, but all groups were successful when the response was initiated after impact. The goalkeepers' group had a significantly faster response-initiation time than the field players' group. It was inferred that the goalkeepers were more likely to adopt a strategy of relying on situational probabilities in situations where the speed of response is critical.

Tattoos and Penalty Success at the FIFA World Cup 2018

“…However, in recent years, attempts have been made to better understand and explain their outcomes scientifically [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It appears that many variables including kicking technique, visual search strategies, tactical skills and fitness contribute to the performance of penalty takers, alongside basic "chance" [17,18]. However, psychological factors are reportedly the most influential determinant of penalty outcomes [14].…”

Intervenção comportamental para melhorar a precisão do “chute no gol” em jogadores de futebol

“…Alguns estudos observacionais usaram dispositivos e recursos tecnológicos para analisar o chute, enfocando variáveis como velocidade da bola (Markovic, Dizdar & Jaric, 2006;Van den Tilaar & Ulvik, 2014), os movimentos oculares dos jogadores (Giagazoglou, Katis, Kellis & Natsikas, 2011;Peiyong & Inomata, 2012), a potência e a posição do pé durante as repetições do movimento do chute (Shan & Westerhoff, 2005;Inoue, Nunome, Sterzing, Shinkai & Ikegami, 2014), tanto em condições estáticas, realizando os chutes com a bola parada (Wilson, Wood & Vine 2009;Button, Dicks, Haines, Barker & Davids, 2011), como em condições dinâmicas, executando o chute com a bola em movimento (Shinkai, Nunome, Isokawa & Ikegami, 2009). Os dados tem apontado que as atividades musculares de outras partes do corpo (tronco, abdômen, ombros e braços), bem como os movimentos oculares do batedor, influenciam na velocidade e na potência do chute (Markovic, Dizdar & Jaric, 2006;Van den Tilaar & Ulvik, 2014;Giagazoglou et als, 2011).…”

Influence of Augmented Probabilistic Information on Defensive Motor Behaviors of 1 vs. 1 Basketball Play

“…A player’s skill level has been proposed as a relevant variable influencing an athlete’s use of probabilistic information. Previous research has reported better use of contextual information among expert athletes compared to novices, both in laboratory settings and real game scenarios, with skill helping athletes initiate a faster response (Farrow & Reid, 2012; Peiyong & Inomata, 2012) or a response with greater accuracy (Abernethy et al., 2001; Farrow & Abernethy, 2003; Loffing & Hagemann, 2014; Roca et al., 2013; Ward & Williams, 2003). For example, Abernethy et al.…”

“…In tennis, Farrow and Abernethy (2003) showed that expert tennis players were better than novices at predicting the direction of an opponent's serve. In football, expert players used contextual information based, on structural relations between counterparts, teammates and ball (Williams et al., 2006) to: (a) accurately anticipate the final destination of passes in 11 vs. 11 situations (Ward & Williams, 2003); (b) modify their perceptual and anticipatory behaviors according to the distance between the ball and the goal (Roca et al., 2013); and (c) anticipate a goalkeeper's responses (Peiyong & Inomata, 2012). In karate, Milazzo et al.…”

“…In tennis, Farrow and Abernethy (2003) showed that expert tennis players were better than novices at predicting the direction of an opponent's serve. In football, expert players used contextual information based, on structural relations between counterparts, teammates and ball (Williams et al, 2006) to: (a) accurately anticipate the final destination of passes in 11 vs. 11 situations (Ward & Williams, 2003); (b) modify their perceptual and anticipatory behaviors according to the distance between the ball and the goal (Roca et al, 2013); and (c) anticipate a goalkeeper's responses (Peiyong & Inomata, 2012). In karate, Milazzo et al (2016) found that high-skilled fighters were more likely to use probabilistic information to enhance the time and accuracy of their decisions, compared to their low-skilled karate counterparts, when performing counterattacks or intercepting attacks against an expert opponent (i.e., the experts perceived the occurrence of the attacks every four actions to improve their decisions whereas novices did not).…”