Cognitive Workload and Workload Transitions Elicit Curvilinear Hemodynamics During Spatial Working Memory

McKendrick, Ryan; Harwood, Amanda E.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00405

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…The cognitive workload is defined as the level of an individual's measurable mental effort in order to cope with one or more cognitively demanding tasks [15]. According to cognitive load theory, there are three types of cognitive load: 1) intrinsic load 2) extraneous load and 3) germane load [16].…”

Section: Cognitive Workloadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes

Skaramagkas

Giannakakis

Ktistakis

et al. 2023

IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.

155

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Eye behaviour provides valuable information revealing one's higher cognitive functions and state of affect. Although eye tracking is gaining ground in the research community, it is not yet a popular approach for the detection of emotional and cognitive states. In this paper, we present a review of eye and pupil tracking related metrics (such as gaze, fixations, saccades, blinks, pupil size variation, etc.) utilized towards the detection of emotional and cognitive processes, focusing on visual attention, emotional arousal and cognitive workload. Besides, we investigate their involvement as well as the computational recognition methods employed for the reliable emotional and cognitive assessment. The publicly available datasets employed in relevant research efforts were collected and their specifications and other pertinent details are described. The multimodal approaches which combine eye-tracking features with other modalities (e.g. biosignals), along with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were also surveyed in terms of their recognition/classification accuracy. The limitations, current open research problems and prospective future research directions were discussed for the usage of eyetracking as the primary sensor modality. This study aims to comprehensively present the most robust and significant eye/pupil metrics based on available literature towards the development of a robust emotional or cognitive computational model.

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Section: Cognitive Workloadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes

Skaramagkas

Giannakakis

Ktistakis

et al. 2023

IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.

155

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“…The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which lies in the middle frontal gyrus, is an important hub in the executive control network ( Menon, 2011 ) and its activity is associated with the executive control costs. For instance, several fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies have shown that activation in the left DLPFC scales linearly with working memory load ( Barch et al, 1997 ; Braver et al, 1997 ; Jansma et al, 2000 ; Veltman et al, 2003 ; Fishburn et al, 2014 ; McKendrick and Harwood, 2019 ), indicating load-dependent recruitment of the DLPFC. In addition, transcranial direct current stimulation of the left DLPFC, which facilitates neural activity within this cortical area, reduces the cost of performing a cognitive task on gait and postural control ( Zhou et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Neural Bases Of Gains In Effortful Control Capacity Through ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort

2022

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The integrative model of effortful control presented in a previous article aimed to specify the neurophysiological bases of mental effort. This model assumes that effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same adaptive function. First, a mechanism anchored in the salience network that makes decisions about the effort that should be engaged in the current task in view of costs and benefits associated with the achievement of the task goal. Second, a top-down control signal generated by the mechanism of effort that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to filter pertinent information. Third, a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. The aim of the present article is to complete this model by proposing that the capacity to exert effortful control can be improved through training programs. Two main questions relative to this possible strengthening of willpower are addressed in this paper. The first question concerns the existence of empirical evidence that supports gains in effortful control capacity through training. We conducted a review of 63 meta-analyses that shows training programs are effective in improving performance in effortful tasks tapping executive functions and/or self-control with a small to large effect size. Moreover, physical and mindfulness exercises could be two promising training methods that would deserve to be included in training programs aiming to strengthen willpower. The second question concerns the neural mechanisms that could explain these gains in effortful control capacity. Two plausible brain mechanisms are proposed: (1) a decrease in effort costs combined with a greater efficiency of brain regions involved in the task and (2) an increase in the value of effort through operant conditioning in the context of high effort and high reward. The first mechanism supports the hypothesis of a strengthening of the capacity to exert effortful control whereas the second mechanism supports the hypothesis of an increase in the motivation to exert this control. In the last part of the article, we made several recommendations to improve the effectiveness of interventional studies aiming to train this adaptive function.“Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day.”James (1918, p. 127)

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“…Additionally, the activation of subcortical regions, such as dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) is reported to be necessary for WM function in humans for manipulation of spatial and verbal information [4 ]. The WM associated with mental workload accounts positive correlation with changes in oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO) concentration in PFC [5 ]. In support of the above statement, Scholey et al have shown an association between higher cognitive load and measurable uptake of circulating oxygen by the cortical neurons [6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are few recent studies that have reported an association of mental workload and WM demand. Few of them deserve to be mentioned – the curvilinear relationship between cognitive workload and haemodynamic changes in lateral DLPFC [5 ] and EEG feature based classification of short‐term tasks from frontal cortex signals [8 ]. Linear classification techniques are used successfully in BCI research for identification of cognitive load classes [9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal haemodynamics based classification of inter‐individual working memory difference

2020

Electron. lett.

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This Letter illustrates prefrontal haemodynamics as a neurovascular basis of inter‐personal working memory differences. A functional near‐infrared spectroscopy with sampling frequency ∼2 Hz is used to record the blood oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin signals from 19 subjects engaged in working memory task of encoding and retrieval of ten symbol‐meaning association learning. The individual difference in working memory performance is classified by supervised learning‐based linear discriminant analysis and ensemble classifiers. Prior to the classification approach, individual performance is labelled as high, moderate and low on the basis of the performance index. The spontaneous haemodynamic activity and task‐evoked responses are marked as background and foreground signals, respectively, which are scaled by means of stream‐independent and stream‐dependent models. The classifiers' performance shows that the stream‐dependent model‐based feature construction‐classification improves classification accuracy to a major extent compared to the stream‐independent model and no gain model. To understand the neurovascular basis of the inter‐individual performance difference, diffused voxel plots are constructed. The voxel plots showed that concurrent activation of orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex could have a possible association with persons' higher working memory performance.

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Cognitive Workload and Workload Transitions Elicit Curvilinear Hemodynamics During Spatial Working Memory

Cited by 21 publications

References 42 publications

Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes

Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes

Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort

Prefrontal haemodynamics based classification of inter‐individual working memory difference

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