Coherent X‐Ray Diffraction Imaging and Characterization of Strain in Silicon‐on‐Insulator Nanostructures

Xiong, Gang; Moutanabbir, Oussama; Reiche, M.; Harder, Ross; Robinson, Ian

doi:10.1002/adma.201304511

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…As a lensless technique, BCDI's limiting factor is the maximum spatial frequency at which the phase can be reliably recovered and the durability of the algorithm to reconstruct 3D objects (Xiong et al, 2014). Scripts SS to DCS and DCS to DCS provide a means to create more accurate DCS shapes, which could be turned into initial supports for phase retrieval.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping data between sample and detector conjugated spaces in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging

Yang¹,

Phillips²,

Hofmann³

2019

J Synchrotron Radiat

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Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) is a non-destructive, lensless method for 3D-resolved, nanoscale strain imaging in micro-crystals. A challenge, particularly for new users of the technique, is accurate mapping of experimental data, collected in the detector reciprocal space coordinate frame, to more convenient orthogonal coordinates, e.g. attached to the sample. This is particularly the case since different coordinate conventions are used at every BCDI beamline. The reconstruction algorithms and mapping scripts composed for individual beamlines are not readily interchangeable. To overcome this, a BCDI experiment simulation with a plugin script that converts all beamline angles to a universal, right-handed coordinate frame is introduced, making it possible to condense any beamline geometry into three rotation matrices. The simulation translates a user-specified 3D complex object to different BCDIrelated coordinate frames. It also allows the generation of synthetic coherent diffraction data that can be inserted into any BCDI reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the original user-specified object. Scripts are provided to map from sample space to detector conjugated space, detector conjugated space to sample space and detector conjugated space to detector conjugated space for a different reflection. This provides the reader with the basis for a flexible simulation tool kit that is easily adapted to different geometries. It is anticipated that this will find use in the generation of tailor-made supports for phasing of challenging data and exploration of novel geometries or data collection modalities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping data between sample and detector conjugated spaces in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging

Yang¹,

Phillips²,

Hofmann³

2019

J Synchrotron Radiat

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show abstract

“…The radial inward contraction would not be visible in the not-aligned facets because BCDI is only sensitive to displacements along the Q-vector of the chosen Bragg peak and, therefore, perpendicular displacement components would not be observed [54,55]. Hence, the strong negative phase observed in these not-aligned facets of nanocrystals 1 and 2 (positive phase for nanocrystal 3) cannot be explained by the radial contraction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Bragg coherent diffraction imaging of iron diffusion into gold nanocrystals

et al. 2018

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Understanding how diffusion takes place within nanocrystals is of great importance for their stability and for controlling their synthesis. In this study, we used the strain sensitivity of Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) to study the diffusion of iron into individual gold nanocrystals in situ at elevated temperatures. The BCDI experiments were performed at the I-07 beamline at Diamond Light Source, UK. The diffraction pattern of individual gold nanocrystals was measured around the (11-1) Bragg peak of gold before and after iron deposition as a function of temperature and time. Phase retrieval algorithms were used to obtain real space reconstructions of the nanocrystals from their measured diffraction patterns. Alloying of iron with gold at sample temperatures of 300°C-500°C and dealloying of iron from gold at 600°C were observed. The volume of the alloyed region in the nanocrystals was found to increase with the dose of iron. However, no significant time dependence was observed for the structure following each iron deposition, suggesting that the samples reached equilibrium relatively quickly. The resulting phase distribution within the gold nanocrystals after the iron depositions suggests a contraction due to diffusion of iron. Our results show that BCDI is a useful technique for studying diffusion in three dimensions and alloying behaviour in individual crystalline grains.

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“…To obtain the real-space electron density distribution, the missing phases of the 3D Fourier intensity need to be determined. To this end, we applied standard iterative phase retrieval to the 3D diffraction data, i.e., a combination of the Hybrid-Input-Output (HIO) and the Error Reduction algorithm (ER) [46][47][48]. In total, 600 iterations were applied, i.e.…”

Section: Real Space (Density)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental 3D coherent diffractive imaging from photon-sparse random projections

Giewekemeyer

Aquila

Loh

et al. 2019

Int Union Crystallogr J

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The routine atomic resolution structure determination of single particles is expected to have profound implications for probing structure–function relationships in systems ranging from energy-storage materials to biological molecules. Extremely bright ultrashort-pulse X-ray sources – X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) – provide X-rays that can be used to probe ensembles of nearly identical nanoscale particles. When combined with coherent diffractive imaging, these objects can be imaged; however, as the resolution of the images approaches the atomic scale, the measured data are increasingly difficult to obtain and, during an X-ray pulse, the number of photons incident on the 2D detector is much smaller than the number of pixels. This latter concern, the signal `sparsity', materially impedes the application of the method. An experimental analog using a conventional X-ray source is demonstrated and yields signal levels comparable with those expected from single biomolecules illuminated by focused XFEL pulses. The analog experiment provides an invaluable cross check on the fidelity of the reconstructed data that is not available during XFEL experiments. Using these experimental data, it is established that a sparsity of order 1.3 × 10−3 photons per pixel per frame can be overcome, lending vital insight to the solution of the atomic resolution XFEL single-particle imaging problem by experimentally demonstrating 3D coherent diffractive imaging from photon-sparse random projections.

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Coherent X‐Ray Diffraction Imaging and Characterization of Strain in Silicon‐on‐Insulator Nanostructures

Cited by 33 publications

References 131 publications

Mapping data between sample and detector conjugated spaces in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging

Mapping data between sample and detector conjugated spaces in Bragg coherent diffraction imaging

Bragg coherent diffraction imaging of iron diffusion into gold nanocrystals

Experimental 3D coherent diffractive imaging from photon-sparse random projections

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