Cold compaction study of Armstrong Process® Ti–6Al–4V powders

Analysis of the Cold Compaction Behavior of Titanium Powders: A Comprehensive Inter-model Comparison Study of Compaction Equations

“…[6,12,16] However, Gerdemann and Jablonski's report [12] on the subject is more exhaustive than most-considering they studied eight different titanium powders (three different sponge size fractions; two different HDH sizes fractions). Borisovskaya et al, for example, also studied the dependence of the compacting force on porosity with respect to powder size fractions [6] The influence of nitrogen and oxygen sponge Ti, Armstrong Ti, HDH Ti, CP-Ti powder (up to 1400 MPa) the influence of nitrogen and oxygen on the compaction of CP titanium was reviewed by Qian.…”

“…[4,5] Several studies in literature have established relationships between the compaction pressure, the powder characteristics (such as impurity levels and particle size shape), different compaction route (cold, hot, or dynamic compaction), and the obtained properties of the compacts (density, sinterability and strength) with varying degrees of success. [1,2,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Studies into the cold compaction of titanium and titanium-based powder materials are necessitated by fact that titanium PM also offers improved chemical homogeneity and refined microstructures [2] in addition to a cost and energy-consumption reduction benefit-given the high cost of titanium powder material. In addition, challenges associated with titanium powder compaction such as (i) the obvious high reactivity of titanium powder material in air, (ii) its inherent difficulty to press into green bodies due to its high hardness and inductile properties, [13] (iii) problems associated with compact cold welding to the die wall [9,11,13,14,19] as well as (iv) the high ejection force required.…”

Powder metallurgy of titanium – past, present, and future

“…Gaseous isostatic forging (GIF) technology, also known as pneumatic isostatic forging (PIF), is a post-sintering process to increase the density of a sintered article [252][253][254][255]. GIF is similar to HIP, in that it uses isostatic pressure at elevated temperatures to close pores.…”

Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction (HAMR) of Commercial TiO₂ to Produce Titanium Powder with Controlled Morphology and Particle Size

“…It has been recognized that substantial savings for titanium can be realized by the combination of improved extraction processes and powder metallurgy manufacturing techniques 6) . Therefore most emerging or newly developed processes, such as the FCC [7][8][9][10] , Armstrong (ITP) [11][12][13] , TIRO [14][15][16] , CSIR-Ti process [17][18][19] , MER process 20) , USTB electrolysis process 21,22) , and the DRTS process 23,24) , that are attempting to replace the Kroll process, have been seeking ways to produce powders instead of sponge for application in powder metallurgy.…”