Cold start mode classification based on the water state for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Liang, Jinqiao; Fan, Lijun; Miao, Tianwei; Xie, Xu; Wang, Zixuan; Chen, Xuesong; Gong, Zhengwei; Zhai, Haipeng; Jiao, Kui

doi:10.1039/d2ta05175c

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It can be judged whether the water flows into GDL based on the cathode pressure drop (CPD). [ 32 ] Then the PEM fuel cell is frozen for 180 or 9900 s, followed by the heating up, to investigate the degradation caused by the icing in GDL for different freezing time. Based on our previous work, the PEM fuel cell is frozen for 180 s to ensure that ice forms in the GDL.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on our previous work, the PEM fuel cell is frozen for 180 s to ensure that ice forms in the GDL. [ 32 ] At this time, the order of magnitude of the 180 s is at 10 2 s. In order for the ice stress to be fully effective, we set the PEM fuel cell to freeze for 10 4 s. Considering the convenience of timing, we choose 9900 s as the freezing time, i.e., 2 h and 45 min. Finally, the strategy to suppress the ice formation and achieve the cold start without degradation is discussed, and the degradation mechanisms are summarized to guide the starting strategy development.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 4 A , the CPD increases after 68.5 s, meaning that the water flows into GDL. [ 32 ] Then the PEM fuel cells are frozen for 180 and 9900 s, respectively, to investigate the effects of short‐time and long‐time icing in GDL. As shown in Figure 4B , the ECSA degradation degree caused by short‐time icing in GDL is lower than that caused by short‐time icing in CCM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The voltage reversal was observed when the fuel cell starts with the constant current (CC) strategy in our previous work. [ 32 ] Therefore, during the test of voltage reversal, the fuel cell first starts with the CC strategy and then artificially shuts down when the voltage reversal is observed (≈6 s). It is noteworthy that the water is not produced in the PEM fuel cell via the electrochemical reaction in this process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice Formation during PEM Fuel Cell Cold Start: Acceptable or Not?

Liang

Fan

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell faces the inevitable challenge of the cold start at a sub‐freezing temperature. Understanding the underlying degradation mechanisms in the cold start and developing a better starting strategy to achieve a quick startup with no degradation are essential for the wide application of PEM fuel cells. In this study, the comprehensive in situ non‐accelerated segmented techniques are developed to analyze the icing processes and obtain the degradation mechanisms under the conditions of freeze–thaw cycle, voltage reversal, and ice formation in different components of PEM fuel cells for different freezing time. A detailed degradation mechanism map in the cold start of PEM fuel cells is proposed to demonstrate how much degradation occurs under different conditions, whether the ice formation is acceptable under the actual operating conditions, and how to suppress the ice formation. Moreover, an ideal starting strategy is developed to achieve the cold start of PEM fuel cells without degradation. This map is highly valuable and useful for researchers to understand the underlying degradation mechanisms and develop the cold start strategy, thereby promoting the commercialization of PEM fuel cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ice Formation during PEM Fuel Cell Cold Start: Acceptable or Not?

Liang

Fan

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

Self Cite

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“…Significantly less studies investigate frost start behavior using segmented measurements (cf. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]).…”

Section: Literature Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Ice Formation during Start-Up of PEM Fuel Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Experimental and Simulative Methods

Schmitz,

Bahr,

Gößling

et al. 2023

Energies

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Freeze start is a challenge in the commercialization of PEM fuel cells. In this study, ice formation in cell layers is investigated through experiments and simulations. Segmentation of the fuel cell on the test bench allows to determine the local distributions of current density and high frequency resistance over the active cell area. The location and timing of ice formation are analyzed in the experiments. It is shown that the formation of ice lenses can be detected by local measurements of the high frequency resistances. Then, a multiphysical CFD model is built and validated with the measurements and the commonalities and differences between the model results and the experiments are studied. It is shown that the model determines the freeze start behavior very well in wide operating ranges. Together with the findings from the experimental investigations, the model will finally be used to investigate local ice formation in detail.

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-30°C cold start optimization of PEMFC based on a data-driven surrogate model and multi-objective optimization algorithm

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Digital Chemical Engineering

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Cold start mode classification based on the water state for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract: The cold start of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is one of the primary factors limiting their large-scale commercialization in the automotive field. The water state has a significant...

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Ice Formation during PEM Fuel Cell Cold Start: Acceptable or Not?

Ice Formation during PEM Fuel Cell Cold Start: Acceptable or Not?

Analysis of Ice Formation during Start-Up of PEM Fuel Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Experimental and Simulative Methods

-30°C cold start optimization of PEMFC based on a data-driven surrogate model and multi-objective optimization algorithm

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