“…It was expected that additional costs for Colombian researchers would be found, since similar findings have been reported from other EFL speaking countries in the world (McConnell, 1991; Flowerdew, 2007; Nour, 2005; Guardiano et al, 2007; Curry & Lillis, 2017; Hanauer et al, 2019). Despite the lack of specific studies on this subject across Latin America, with a few exceptions (Curry & Lillis, 2017; Hanauer et al, 2019), it is possible to assume that these results can be extrapolated to other countries bordering Colombia, given the similarity in proficiency and access to English, shared first language, low state investment in science and technology, and parallel political history with the US and Europe (Russell et al, 2008; British Council, 2015; Curry & Lillis, 2017). The results could even be extrapolated to other peripheral countries of the world, as Hanauer et al (2019) found the similar disadvantages over doctoral students from two countries on different continents, Mexico and Taiwan.…”