“…There is however limited research on the benefits of university-industry collaboration regarding PhD education (Assbring & Nuur, 2017;Bernhard et al, 2018;Roolaht, 2015), and it is mainly focused on the students' learning outcomes and educational experiences (Berg & McKelvey, 2020;Thune, 2009). Emerging research covers, e.g., European industrial PhD programs in informatics and engineering in Sweden (Berg & McKelvey, 2020;Kihlander et al, 2011), engineering and health science in Portugal (Tavares et al, 2020), engineering and automotive manufacturing in Germany (Grimm, 2018), programs as policy tools for university-society collaboration in Estonia and Denmark (Roolaht, 2015), and, in the USA, the interdisciplinary business doctorate program for executives (Gill & Mullarkey, 2015).…”