Collagen-Membrane-Induced Calcium Phosphate Electrocrystallization

Abstract

Electrosynthesized type I collagen membranes provide a robust scaffold for phase-controlled nucleation of carbonated hydroxyapatite, which is similar to the mineral composition of natural bone. Phase selectivity persists under a wide range of electrosynthesis conditions that would, in the absence of the membrane, produce other calcium phosphate phases such as brushite or amorphous calcium phosphate. Results also indicate enhanced mineral formation in the presence of collagen.

Rediscovering hydrogel-based double-diffusion systems for studying biomineralization

“…It should be noted that any of these passive systems can be modified to perform as active diffusion systems with the introduction of external forces such as an electric field. [34][35][36][37][38] As we go through each example from the literature, we will describe the mathematical treatment, construction, and respective advantages and disadvantages of each system for a range of applications.…”

Embedding Collagen in Multilayers for Enzyme-Assisted Mineralization: A Promising Way to Direct Crystallization in Confinement

“…However, the collagen molecule has a particular charge distribution due to its highly anisotropic structure. Its iep is then not well-defined, and divergent experimental values of 6.0 and 9.3 were reported in the literature. − The theoretical iep, computed using the amino acid composition of α1 and α2 collagen chains, on the basis of the ProtParam tool, gives a value close to 9 . The discrepancies observed in the iep of collagen probably originate from the collagen source and preparation procedures which strongly impact the composition of telopeptides.…”

Electrically conducting collagen and collagen–mineral composites for current stimulation

“…† Since calcium phosphate can be synthesized in its various phases including hydroxyapatite, brushite or tricalcium phosphate, it has been shown earlier that any phase can be obtained by altering the concentration of calcium and phosphate salts in the electrolyte. 2 As seen in Fig. S4, † the higher concentration of calcium and phosphate salts (0.025 M and higher) yield brushite (P-O stretching in the PO 3 fragment at 1136, 1061 & 986 cm À1 , P-OH stretching at 874 cm À1 and P-O bending at 662, 576 & 527 cm À1 ) 23,24 and the lowest concentration (0.01 M) yields the much preferred carbonated hydroxyapatite phase (phosphate n 1 at 1034 cm À1 , Fig.…”

“…The electrochemically-assisted synthesis, based on isoelectric focusing, offers an expedient way to make robust collagen membranes and collagen-calcium phosphate composites with controlled mineral phase. 2 In this research work, we aim to develop a hybrid material or a polymeric blend, by combining a protein (collagen), biomineral (calcium phosphate) and a conducting polymer (poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, PEDOT). In general, blends of collagen and a conducting polymer can nd several interesting applications such as developing many useful materials that require some level of electrical conductivity including nerve regeneration and promoting osteo-conductivity.…”

“…Though there are some reports in which protein molecules are incorporated onto conducting polymers either as dopant 16 or as a composite-reinforcement 6 using electrochemical methods, there are major challenges for incorporating a conducting polymer onto collagen-calcium phosphate. Generally collagen-calcium phosphate is either aggregated by isoelectric focusing 2,17 (in which pH gradient is formed to focus the molecules in the electrochemical cell) or by electrolytic deposition. 18 If the conducting polymer-collagencalcium phosphate material is to be formed using isoelectric focusing, it requires much higher potential for water splitting in order to create pH gradient, at which the conducting polymer may not be stable.…”