Collective Expansion in Central Au + Au Collisions

Hsi, W. C.; Kunde, G. J.; Pochodzalla, J.; Lynch, W. G.; Tsang, M. B.; Begemann-Blaich, M.; Bowman, D. R.; Charity, R. J.; Cosmo, F.; Ferrero, A.; Gelbke, C. K.; Glasmacher, T.; Hofmann, Thomas; Immé, G.; Iori, I.; Hubele, J.; Kempter, J.; Kreutz, P.; Kunze, Wolfgang; Lindenstruth, V.; Lisa, M. A.; Lynen, U.; Mang, M.; Moroni, A.; Müller, W. F. J.; Neumann, Marcus A.; Ocker, B.; Ogilvie, C. A.; Peaslee, Graham F.; Raciti, G.; Rosenberger, Franz; Sann, H.; Scardaoni, R.; Schüttauf, A.; Schwarz, C.; Seidel, W.; Serfling, V.; Sobotka, L. G.; Stuttgé, L.; Tomaśevič, S.; Trautmann, W.; Tucholski, A.; Williams, C.; Wörner, Antje; Zwiȩgliński, B.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.73.3367

Cited by 74 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…One of the main results is that (62 ± 8)% of the available energy is stored into radial flow. This value is significantly larger than the values recently published by the EOS collaboration [28] , but not too far from our earlier, more preliminary analyses [40,41] and in line with, although somewhat larger than values from analyses reported in [20][21][22]. The associated average flow velocity < β f > is also given in the Table. In the following we shall present a sample of our data and use the blast model fits as reference.…”

Section: Experimental Data and The Blast Modelsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Older exclusive information on heavy cluster formation from Bevalac times was limited to an experiment at 200 A MeV [15] concentrating on sideflow: a remarkable result of this study was the demonstrated higher sensitivity of the IMF's to flow, a fact that had been anticipated in the framework of hydrodynamical model calculations [16]. Since then, new information from central or semicentral collisions at energies beyond 100 A MeV has emerged from work done both at Berkeley and Darmstadt [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…One of the important new observations, favoured by the sensitivity of IMF's to flow, was the overwhelming and unambiguous evidence of a new kind of axially symmetric or 'radial' flow [20][21][22]26,28] as a signature of highly exclusive central collisions. This flow was far more important in magnitude than the sideflow predicted [32] and discovered [33,34] earlier and was characteristic of participant matter, in contrast to the sideflow phenomenon which was primarily interpreted as a spectator phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central collisions of Au on Au at 150, 250 and 400 A·MeV

et al. 1997

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Collisions of Au on Au at incident energies of 150, 250 and 400 A MeV were studied with the FOPI-facility at GSI Darmstadt. Nuclear charge (Z ≤ 15) and velocity of the products were detected with full azimuthal acceptance at laboratory angles 1 • ≤ θ lab ≤ 30 • . Isotope separated light charged particles were measured with movable multiple telescopes in an angular range of 6 − 90 • . Central collisions representing about 1% of the reaction cross section were selected by requiring high total transverse energy, but vanishing sideflow. The velocity space distributions and yields of the emitted fragments are reported. The data are analysed in terms of a thermal model including radial flow. A comparison with predictions of the Quantum Molecular Model is presented.PACS: 25.70.Pq

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Section: Experimental Data and The Blast Modelsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central collisions of Au on Au at 150, 250 and 400 A·MeV

et al. 1997

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“…The largest fragment multiplicities measured so far were observed in central 197 Au on 197 Au collisions at a bombarding energy of 100 MeV per nucleon [80]. The analysis of the kinetic energy spectra in these reactions has revealed a considerable collective outward motion (radial flow), superimposed on the random motion of the constituents at the breakup stage [83]. The associated collective energy constitutes up to one-half of the incident kinetic energy in the center-of-mass frame and increases approximately linearly over the range of bombarding energies up to 1000 MeV per nucleon [84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Multifragmentation in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Reactions

Trautmann

1997

Correlations and Clustering Phenomena in Subatomic Physics

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Multifragmentation is the dominant decay mode of heavy nuclear systems with excitation energies in the vicinity of their binding energies. It explores the partition space associated with the number of nucleonic constituents and it is characterized by a multiple production of nuclear fragments with intermediate mass.Reactions at relativistic bombarding energies, exceeding several hundreds of MeV per nucleon, have been found very efficient in creating such highly excited systems. Peripheral collisions of heavy symmetric systems or more central collisions of mass asymmetric systems produce spectator nuclei with properties indicating a high degree of equilibration. The observed decay patterns are well described by statistical multifragmentation models.The present experimental and theoretical studies are particularly motivated by the fact that multifragmentation is being considered a possible manifestation of the liquidgas phase transition in finite nuclear systems. From the simultaneous measurement of the temperature and of the energy content of excited spectator systems a caloric curve of nuclei has been obtained. The characteristic S-shaped behavior resembles that of ordinary liquids.Signatures of critical phenomena in finite nuclear systems are searched for in multifragmentation data. These studies, supported by the success of percolation in reproducing the experimental mass or charge correlations, concentrate on the fluctuations observed in these observables. Attempts have been made to deduce critical-point exponents associated with multifragmentation.

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“…Alternatively, temperature may be obtained through isotopic thermometers. The double isotope thermometer has provided much data [23][24][25]; however, the 'Corresponding author: fszhang@bnu.edu.cn temperatures derived are complicated by model-dependent secondary decay corrections [25][26][27],…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fragment emission time on the temperature of momentum quadrupole fluctuations

et al. 2015

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A systematic study of a momentum quadrupole fluctuation thermometer has been presented for heavy-ion collisions at 35 MeV/nucleon via the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model accompanied by the statistical decay model GEMINI. It is determined that the fragment momentum fluctuation temperature indeed reflects the average temperature of the excitation source in the fragmentation process and the secondary decay. We find that the divergence between the initial temperature and the final measurement temperature is different for protons, tritons, and 'He. The maximum divergence of the temperature is about 20% probed by protons. As an example of using protons as the probe particle, we find that the isospin dependence of the nuclear temperature is consistent between the initial temperature and the final measurement temperature.

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Collective Expansion in Central Au + Au Collisions

Cited by 74 publications

References 29 publications

Central collisions of Au on Au at 150, 250 and 400 A·MeV

Central collisions of Au on Au at 150, 250 and 400 A·MeV

Multifragmentation in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Reactions

Effect of fragment emission time on the temperature of momentum quadrupole fluctuations

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