Colloidal gold-loaded, biodegradable, polymer-based stavudine nanoparticle uptake by macrophages: an in vitro study

Abstract

Objective: We describe the development, evaluation, and comparison of colloidal gold-loaded, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based nanoparticles containing anti-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome drug stavudine and uptake of these nanoparticles by macrophages in vitro. Methods: We used the following methods in this study: drug-excipient interaction by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, morphology of nanoparticles by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, particle size by a particle size analyzer, and zeta potential and polydispersity index by a zetasizer. Drug loading and in vitro release were evaluated for formulations. The best formulation was incorporated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Macrophage uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate nanoparticles was studied in vitro. Results: Variations in process parameters, such as speed of homogenization and amount of excipients, affected drug loading and the polydispersity index. We found that the drug was released for a prolonged period (over 63 days) from the nanoparticles, and observed cellular uptake of stavudine nanoparticles by macrophages. Conclusion: Experimental nanoparticles represent an interesting carrier system for the transport of stavudine to macrophages, providing reduced required drug dose and improved drug delivery to macrophages over an extended period. The presence of colloidal gold in the particles decreased the drug content and resulted in comparatively faster drug release.

Lipid-based nanocarrier efficiently delivers highly water soluble drug across the blood–brain barrier into brain

“…Drug–excipient interaction was investigated through FTIR spectroscopy to determine any interaction between the functional groups of drug (AZT) and the excipients of a formulation (Basu et al., 2012 ). When the FTIR spectra of the physical mixture of the drug and the excipients (ML, CHO) were compared with those of the physical mixture of the excipients without drug, the lyophilized formulation with or without drug and each of the excipients, the presence of the characteristic peaks of the drug (at 2083 cm −1 ), ML (at 2922 cm −1 , at 2852 cm −1 , and at 721 cm −1 ) and CHO (at 1373 cm −1 ) was observed ( Figure 1(B) ).…”

Preparation, characterization and optimization of sildenafil citrate loaded PLGA nanoparticles by statistical factorial design

“…The release kinetics from optimal NPs was fitted on zero order, first order, Higuchi model, Korsmeyer–Peppas model and Hixson–Crowell model [ 28 ].…”

The Impact of Variables on Particle Size of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; A Comparative Literature Review

“…1 Colloidal drug carriers are introduced for such an optimal drug delivery. 2 However, these investigated delivery systems show their own drawbacks. Frequently reported disadvantages of colloidal carriers such as liposomes, micro and nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, nanosponges, and polymeric nanoparticles include burst drug release in orallyadministered drugs due to its rapid degradation by the pH of the stomach or by intestinal enzymes and bile salts, limited physical and chemical stability during storage, [3][4][5][6][7][8] difficulty in large-scale production, residues from organic solvents used in preparation of the carriers, some susceptibilities in polymer toxicity, [8][9][10] and too many more to mention.…”