Color Stability of Polymer-Based Composite CAD/CAM Blocks: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: This systematic review aims to evaluate the color stability of resin composite CAD/CAM blocks (CCB) when submitted to staining solutions. Methods: A systematic search was performed on different databases (Embase, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science). Search terms were: ‘polymer infiltrated’, ‘polymer-based’, ‘resin nanoceramic’, ‘resin ceramic’, ‘hybrid composite’, ‘hybrid ceramic’, ‘composite ceramic’, ‘resin infiltrated’, ‘CAD-CAM’, ‘CAD/CAM’, ‘color stability’, ‘staining’, ‘staining susceptibility’, ‘color change’, ‘color difference’. Inclusion criteria: in vitro articles published in the English language until 18 September 2022 without initial time restriction evaluating the color stability of CCB when submitted to staining solutions. Exclusion criteria: studies investigating color change induced by smoke or whitening treatments; studies not including a clinical evaluation of the results using the thresholds for color perceptibility and acceptability. Risk of bias assessment using the QUIN tool. Findings: Out of the 378 initially retrieved articles, 19 were included in this review. They investigated 17 different CCBs and different artificial staining by liquid protocols, including coffee, red wine, tea, and cola. CCBs exceeded clinical acceptability thresholds for color shift in 18 out of 19 studies, with a significantly higher color stability than conventional hybrid resin-based composites (RBCs), and a significantly lower color stability than ceramic materials. The identified differences in CCBs in color stability can be attributed to the material’s composition, but also to the heterogeneity of staining procedures. Interpretation and clinical implication: Clinicians should be aware that, although to a lower degree when compared to RBCs used in direct or indirect procedures, CCBs undergo color changes to a higher degree in comparison to ceramic materials.

SEM Evaluation of the Marginal Accuracy of Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Composite Single Crowns Created by CAD/CAM Method: Comparative Analysis of Different Materials

“…The use of CAD/CAM composite blocks, also known as nano-hybrid ceramic, resin nano-ceramic, resin ceramic, nanohybrid restorative materials, resin-based composite blocks, or hybrid composites, has become increasingly popular due to their superior quality compared to conventional composite materials used in conventional analogic dental procedures for both direct and indirect restorations [ 54 ]. This is attributed to the standardized industrial production processes involving high temperature and/or high-pressure polymerization, which facilitate maximum polymer cross-linking and enhance the material’s properties [ 55 ].…”

Effect of Different Artificial Staining Procedures on the Color Stability and Translucency of a Nano-Hybrid Resin-Based Composite

“…Changes in RBCs’ optical properties depend on the different characteristics of the oral environment, often characterized by abrasive, erosive, and staining challenges [ 2 , 3 ]. Several studies have reported that when resin composites come into contact with staining agents, they absorb extrinsic pigments responsible for color change [ 1 ], irrespective of whether they are intended to be used for direct or indirect restorations [ 4 ]. This effect is also increased when RBCs are exposed to alcoholic and acidic media due to the degradation of the organic matrix [ 5 ].…”

Chemical and Structural Assessment of New Dental Composites with Graphene Exposed to Staining Agents

“…Data in the literature shows that red wine also has great staining potential due to chromophore particle adhesion onto solid surfaces [ 19 , 20 ]. Deposits might affect surface nanostructure of enamel and dental materials, generating local deposit crusts [ 21 , 22 ].…”