Colorectal Cancer and Its Risk Factors Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern Karnataka, India

Aithal, Rashmi R; Shetty, Ranjitha S; Binu, V S; Mallya, Sneha Deepak; K, Rajgopal Shenoy; Nair, Shashikala

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16194

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Colorectal cancer: Three studies (one pooled cohort 63 one cohort 64 , and one case-control 65 ) were retrieved evaluating risk of colorectal cancer in SLT users. Of these, only one study with pooled cohort reported a significantly higher risk of rectal cancer in snus users.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer

Gupta

Sinha³

et al. 2018

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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Background & objectives:Causative linkages of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use with oral potentially malignant disorders and cancers of oral cavity, oesophagus and pancreas have been reported. Published meta-analyses have provided pooled risk estimates for major cancers caused by SLT, both on global and regional levels. This systematic review was aimed at summarizing the available studies on occurrence and mortality risk of common cancers due to various SLT products.Methods:PubMed and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched from 1985 till January 2018 for observational studies on SLT and cancer. The included studies were evaluated and data were extracted and reviewed.Results:The review included 80 studies providing 121 risk estimates for various cancers. Majority of the studies from South-East Asian Region (SEAR) and Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) showed a significant positive association of SLT use with oral [odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.48 to 27.4] and oesophageal cancers (OR between 2.06 and 12.8), while studies from European Region (EUR) reported a positive association with pancreatic cancer (OR between 1.6 and 2.1). Cancer-related mortality was evaluated in a few reports with higher risk of mortality for lung (OR between 2.0 and 9.1), cervical (OR 2.0) and prostate (OR 2.1) cancers. A wide variation was noted in the association of various cancers and specific SLT products based on their nature, methods of use and inherent toxicity. The majority of chewing tobacco products displayed higher risk for oral and oesophageal cancers while the same was not observed for snus.Interpretation & conclusions:This review emphasizes on the significantly positive association of SLT use with oral and oesophageal cancers in SEAR and EMR and pancreatic cancer in EUR. Mortality estimates for SLT-associated cancers need further analysis. Risk analysis for cancers of other sites in SLT users also requires multicentric well-designed studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer

Gupta

Sinha³

et al. 2018

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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“…PD-1 targets the receptor or tumor cells and prevents the tumor cells from hiding from the immune system. Pemprolizumab is used to treat metastatic bowel cancers that have the molecular property of MSI-H or dMMR [54][55][56].…”

Section: Pemprolizumabmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Treatment, Risk Factors, and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer

Alaryani

Alrdahe

2022

Int J App Pharm

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as the third most frequent cancer in the world and the incidence increases with increasing age. CRC accounts for nearly 9 % of all cancer incidence, with an estimated 1.4 million cases happening in 2012. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of incidence, risk factors, screening strategies, and treatment of colorectal cancer. We searched the studies in five English databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with no limitation in publication time to find all papers regarding colorectal cancers. Papers with any language were included in the first step of search if they had an English abstract. We used the following words and terms including colorectal cancer, treatment, risk factor, diagnosis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery. Geographical variations and different time courses in the CRC incidence indicate that environmental factors and lifestyle are major factors in the development of this disease. The main preventable risk factors for CRC are nutrition, a high-fat diet, a low-fiber diet, obesity and physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and some non-preventable risk factors such as age, gender, race, and diabetes mellitus. Colonoscopy remains the study of choice to diagnose colorectal cancer. Prior to any treatment, CT imaging of chest, abdomen and pelvis with contrast is needed for staging the patient’s CRC. The preferred option for localized colorectal cancer is surgery (etc, laparoscopic surgery, colostomy for rectal cancer); whereas the adjuvant chemotherapy is generally recommended for patients with lymph node metastases. Targeted treatment of colorectal cancer by monoclonal antibodies are important bioengineered proteins that can help the body's natural immune response to detect, attack, and kill cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies may be used alone or in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy. CRC accounts an important health problem worldwide that is estimated to increase because of the growth and aging of the population, and because of the adoption of at-risk manners and lifestyles, particularly in economically less developed countries. Screening has been confirmed to significantly decrease mortality and can prevent the onset of the disease. More international efforts are required to situate into practice targeted prevention approaches that might reduce the burden of CRC worldwide.

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“…Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common solid cancer affecting both sexes nearly 10% of total cancer cases [1,2]. In Egypt, CRC occupies first rank among digestive system malignancies and fifth rank among total cancers [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Tumor Microenvironment and Host Response in Colorectal Cancer: Immunohistochemical and Clinicopathological Approach

Raffalla

Helal

El-Latif

et al. 2019

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of forkhead boxP3 (Foxp3), CD8, CD68, and CD21 in stroma between tumor cells of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and examines the relationship between these variables and clinicopathological parameter and patients’ prognosis. Methods: In this work, 50 cases of colorectal carcinomas were included and immunohistochemical evaluation of Foxp3, CD8, CD68, and CD21 in tumor tissue samples. Results: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) including cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells as well as tumor-associated macrophages and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) were studied in the stroma of the tumor using immunostaining technique for CD8, Foxp3, CD68, and CD21, respectively. Cases were followed up. CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells, Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells, and CD21 positive-FDCs were significantly more pronounced in early tumors and those with longer overall survival. On the other hand, CD68 positive macrophages were more encountered in late stage and metastatic tumors as well as tumors with shorter overall survival, but these results not reached the level of significance. Conclusion: We concluded that (TILs) and FDCs are conferring better prognosis in CRCs, they may act synergistically in stimulating a protective immune response in the tumor microenvironment that hinders tumor progression, while the role of tumor-associated macrophages in CRCs is still controversial and needs further studies.

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Colorectal Cancer and Its Risk Factors Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern Karnataka, India

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer

Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer

A Review of Treatment, Risk Factors, and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer

Study of Tumor Microenvironment and Host Response in Colorectal Cancer: Immunohistochemical and Clinicopathological Approach

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