Colorimetric Detection Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Determination of Chemicals in Urine

Abstract

Colorimetric sensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) have attracted much attention for biosensor and chemical sensor applications. The unique optical effect of LSPR is based on the nanostructure of noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag, and Al) and the refractive index of the environment surrounding these metal nanomaterials. When either the structure or the environment of these nanomaterials is changed, their optical properties change and can be observed by spectroscopic techniques or the naked eye. Colorimetric-probe-based LSPR provides a simple, rapid, real-time, nonlabelled, sensitive biochemical detection and can be used for point-of-care testing as well as rapid screening for the diagnosis of various diseases. Gold and silver nanoparticles, which are the two most widely used plasmonic nanomaterials, demonstrate strong and sensitive LSPR signals that can be used for the selective detection of several chemicals in biochemical compounds provided by the human body (e.g., urine and blood). This information can be used for the diagnosis of several human health conditions. This paper provides information regarding colorimetric probes based on LSPR for the detection of three major chemicals in human urine: creatinine, albumin, and glucose. In addition, the mechanisms of selective detection and quantitative analysis of these chemicals using metal nanoparticles are discussed along with colorimetric-detection-based LSPR for many other specific chemicals that can be detected in urine, such as catecholamine neurotransmitters, thymine, and various medicines. Furthermore, issues regarding the use of portable platforms for health monitoring with colorimetric detection based on LSPR are discussed.

Noble metal nanomaterials for the diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies

“…Finding a less harmful alternative tissue imaging methodology in monitoring of cancer is an important issue. Body fluids (blood, urine, saliva) contain potential biomarkers associated with the evolution of cancer cells, such as proteins/peptides, microRNAs (miRNAs), exosomes, circulat-ing tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an approach to such imaging [62][63][64][65][66][67]. Establishing a rapid and non-invasive approach instead of standard tissue biopsy to test the prognosis agents mentioned above, even in a low concentration, could reduce the risk of metastasis and detect cancer evolution at early stages.…”

Sialic Acid-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Determination of Serotonin

“…37−39 Detection methods developed in recent years based on the LSPR phenomenon are very sensitive and can be used in the determination of different analytes like pesticides, 40 amino acids, 41 cancer cells, 42 and metabolites. 43 Developing a method for the determination of serotonin in the biological environment is challenging due to both the complexity of the molecule and the interference effects of the matrix. Gold nanoparticles can be used to design a highly accurate chromogenic probe for detecting serotonin.…”

“…By engineering the interaction between the nanoparticles’ surface and the analyte, a color shift can be generated. This shift, which is often mediated by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, or even chemical reactions, allows for the visual detection of the analyte. − Detection methods developed in recent years based on the LSPR phenomenon are very sensitive and can be used in the determination of different analytes like pesticides, amino acids, cancer cells, and metabolites …”

“… 37 − 39 Detection methods developed in recent years based on the LSPR phenomenon are very sensitive and can be used in the determination of different analytes like pesticides, 40 amino acids, 41 cancer cells, 42 and metabolites. 43 …”