Colour vision testing in young children with reduced visual acuity

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate feasibility, reliability and discriminative validity of pseudoisochromatic (PIC) colour vision tests, the Mollon-Reffin minimalist (MRM) test and the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) among children (3-10 years) with reduced visual acuity. Methods: Thirty-three patients with reduced visual acuity and 38 healthy control subjects with age-related normal visual acuity were recruited for this prospective study. Visual acuity in patients was reduced due to amblyopia, binocular maculopathy, or optic neuropathy. Tests were performed in a single 1-hr session. Results: All but two children successfully completed the PIC and MRM tests. Success rate for the CCT was lower, 87%, CI [72%, 96%] for control subjects and 79%, CI [61%, 91%] for patients, with a strong positive effect of age on the odds of successful completion (OR 5.63, p = 0.007). Reliability was high in PIC and MRM tests but comparably lower in CCT. The rate of correct answers in PIC tests was between 88% and 100%. One proband was diagnosed with deuteranomaly with an average Ishihara score of 21%. All children (with the exception of one daltonian) scored at least two points in the MRM test. Sensitivity thresholds in CCT decreased with age with a strong effect size in control subjects and weak to moderate effect size in patients. Conclusions: Pseudoisochromatic and MRM tests show sufficient feasibility in young children with reduced visual acuity. For CCT feasibility in 3-5-year olds is reduced, most probably due to the longer test duration. Consistent with earlier findings, colour discrimination thresholds decrease with age independent on visual acuity status.

Theoretical derivation and clinical validation of the resolution limit of human eye to spherical lens change: a self-controlled study

“…Although the difference is only 0.01D, a significant difference is found between the theoretical resolution limit and the actually discernible diopter on the green background, which is related to the subjective preference of patients, which affects the results of the red-green balance test [ 15 , 16 ]. Study suggests that red test-object is easier to be perceived than green one [ 17 , 18 ], so the background color also affects the activity of visual cortex. As shown in Table 3 , more than 95% of people can discern a 0.05D change in spherical power on the red background, and about 80% of people can discern a 0.05D change in spherical power on the green background, which are consistent with the theoretical results.…”

Theoretical derivation and clinical validation of the resolution limit of human eye to spherical lens change:A Self-controlled Study

“…Although the difference is only 0.01D, a significant difference is found between the theoretical resolution limit and the actually discernible diopter on the green background, which is related to the subjective preference of patients, which affects the results of the red-green balance test [17 18] . Study suggests that red test-object is easier to be perceived than green one [19 20] , so the background color also affects the activity of visual cortex. As shown in Table 3, more than 95% of people can discern a 0.05D change in spherical power on the red background, and about 80% of people can discern a 0.05D change in spherical power on the green background, which are consistent with the theoretical results.…”

Visual function tests including the role of optical coherence tomography in neurofibromatosis 1

“…Other tests like the Mollon-Reffin minimalist (MRM) and PIC color test were also proven to be reliable in children with reduced visual acuity [57,65]. The Ishihara test can be used with young children; we ask children to "follow the lines with their fingers"; this method increases the viewing time and improves results [10].…”