Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder etiology: Replicated findings in a national sample of Vietnam-era men

Foy, David W.; Card, Josefina J.

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198701)43:1<28::aid-jclp2270430105>3.0.co;2-j

Cited by 59 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These findings are consistent and supportive of results from several earlier studies [6-8,11,13,14,16-21,37,38]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Among military service members, combat exposures are reported as the strongest predictors of subsequent PTSD [6-8,11,14,16-20]. In several studies of war veterans, increased rates of PTSD were demonstrated among those sustaining wounds, those deployed as part of ground units, and those discharging their weapon or witnessing persons being wounded or killed [4,18,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

et al. 2010

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BackgroundCombat exposure has been reported as one of the strongest risk factors for postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military service members. Determining the impact of specific deployment-related exposures on the risk of developing PTSD has not been fully explored. Our study objective was to explore the relationship between specific combat exposures and other life experiences with postdeployment PTSD.MethodsThis study consisted of male Marines who completed a Recruit Assessment Program (RAP) survey during recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego, California as well as a follow-up survey several years after recruit training. Study participants included those Marines who deployed to the current operations in Iraq or Afghanistan between the baseline and follow-up surveys. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine which significant exposures and experiences were associated with postdeployment PTSD.ResultsOf the 706 study participants, 10.8% screened positive for postdeployment PTSD. Those who reported feeling in great danger of death (odds ratio [OR] = 4.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.46-8.73), were shot or seriously injured (OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.58-7.77), saw someone wounded or killed (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.08-5.67), and baseline (before recruit training) prior violence exposures (OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.46-6.10) were at increased odds for reporting PTSD symptoms. Number of deployments, number of close friends or relatives reported at follow-up, and enlisted pay grade were also significantly associated with postdeployment PTSD.ConclusionsCombat exposures, specifically the threat of death, serious injury, and witnessing injury or death are significant risk factors for screening positive for postdeployment PTSD among male Marines as well as violence exposures prior to entering the Marine Corps, which are independent of future combat exposures. A thorough history of lifetime violence exposures should be pursued when considering a clinical diagnosis of PTSD.

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“…These findings are consistent and supportive of results from several earlier studies [6-8,11,13,14,16-21,37,38]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

et al. 2010

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“…It could be argued, for example, that the duration of internment is analogous to the degree of combat exposure found by others to be related to post-traumatic stress severity among Vietnam-era veterans (Berk et al, 1989;Card, 1983;Foy & Card, 1987;Foy, Carroll, & Donahoe, 1987;B. Green, Grace, Lindy, Gleser, & Leonard, 1990;McFall, Smith, Roszell, Tarver, & Malas, 1990;Pearce, Schauer, Garfield, Ohlde, & Patterson, 1985;Resnick et al, 1989).…”

Section: Internrnent-related Factors and Post-traumatic Stressmentioning

confidence: 88%

Long-term effects of trauma: Post-traumatic stress among civilian internees of the japanese during world war II

Potts

1994

J. Clin. Psychol.

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This study examined predictors and health‐related effects of post‐traumatic stress among 129 civilian internees of the Japanese during World War II. Post‐traumatic stress disorder was noted in 36.7% within the 6 months after their release and in 15.0% within the most recent 6 months. Women were more likely than men to indicate post‐traumatic stress disorder within the 6 months after their release. Higher incomes were associated with lower levels of post‐traumatic stress within the most recent 6 months. After controlling for demographic and internment‐related factors, higher levels of post‐traumatic stress were associated with poorer physical health. This association was stronger among older internees than among their younger counterparts. Implications of the findings for clinical gerontology are discussed.

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“…The frequency and severity of traumatic experiences was cited as a major contributor to PTSD symptomatology across several trauma survivor groups (Foy & Card, 1987;Gallers, Foy, Donahoe, & Goldfarb, 1988;Greenwald & Leitenberg, 1990;Kilpatrick, Saunders, AmickMcMullen, Best, & Veronen, 1989;McLeer, Deblinger, Atkins, Foa, & Ralphe, 1988;Solkoff, Gray, & Keill, 1988;Wolfe, Gentile, & Wolfe, 1989). Five studies speci cally examining PTSD in battered women have identi ed a strong, positive correlation between severity of abuse and PTSD, that is, the more severe the battering episodes and injuries sustained, the greater the intensity of PTSD symptomology (Astin, Lawrence, & Foy, 1993;Astin, Lawrence, Pincus, & Foy, 1990;Astin, Ogland-Hand, Coleman, & Foy, 1995;Houskamp & Foy, 1991;Kemp, Rawlings, & Green, 1991).…”

Section: Frequency and Severity Of Intimate Abuse As A Traumatic Evenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Abused and Postabused Women

Woods

2000

Issues in Mental Health Nursing

130

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This study examined the prevalence and patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in abused and postabused women. A convenience sample of 160 abused, postabused, and nonabused women completed measures related to physical and emotional abuse by an intimate partner, risk of homicide, and PTSD. Results indicated that PTSD symptoms were present in both the abused and postabused women and were positively correlated with the severity of abuse and risk of homicide that the women experienced. The postabused women were out of the abusive relationship an average of nine years, yet continued to experience PTSD symptoms.

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Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder etiology: Replicated findings in a national sample of Vietnam-era men

Cited by 59 publications

References 3 publications

Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

Long-term effects of trauma: Post-traumatic stress among civilian internees of the japanese during world war II

Prevalence and Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Abused and Postabused Women

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