“…and non-probabilistic variables appear in the same problem, the failure probability can be provided by the hybrid reliability model. A combination of stochastic variables and uncertain-but-bounded variables has been suggested for applications in such circumstances (Elishakoff & Colombi, 1993;Oberkampf, Helton, Joslyn, & Wojtkiewicz, 2004). Some numerical methods, including the function approximation technique by Penmetsa and Grandhi (2002), the iterative rescaling method by Hall and Lawry (2004) and the probability bounds (p-box) approach by Karanki, Kushwaha, Verma, and Ajit (2009), have been proposed for the lower and upper bounds estimation of the structural reliability in the presence of both stochastic and interval variables.…”