Combination of ultrasonic waves and dielectric barrier discharge plasma for the viable reduction in human norovirus while retaining the quality of raw sea squirt

Abstract

This study investigated the combined effects of ultrasonic waves treatment (UW; 44 kHz, 200 W for 30 and 60 min) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment (DP; 1.1 kV, 43 kHz, 1.5 L/min N 2 for 10, 30, and 60 min) on the viable reduction of human norovirus (HNV) GII. 4 in fresh sea squirt. The HNV was detected by RT-PCR with propidium monoazide/sarkosyl to distinguish infectious viruses from their noninfectious counterparts. Compared with UW alone (0.41-0.60 log), DP alone (0.48-1.24 log) reduced the HNV to a greater extent; additionally, the HNV was significantly reduced by increasing the combined treatment time. The UW 60 min + DP 60 min achieved a 1.97 log reduction. The pH and Hunter colors were not found to differ significantly between the separate and combined treatment.

Application of High-Pressure Processing (or High Hydrostatic Pressure) for the Inactivation of Human Norovirus in Korean Traditionally Preserved Raw Crab

“…The human norovirus (HuNoV) GII. 4 strain applied in this study was obtained in 2019 at the Gyeonggi Institute of Health and Environment (GIHE; Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms caused by HuNoV [ 9 , 11 , 17 ]. HuNoV genotype was confirmed and stored in the Waterborne Virus Bank (WAVA; Seoul, Republic of Korea).…”

“…The HuNoV GII. 4 was obtained from WAVA and was made from a stock of 500 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) [ 17 ]. Virus strains were transported frozen and packaged in dry ice, then kept at –80 °C for further use in research.…”

“…They were immediately transported to the fridge (4 °C) and used in tests within 24 h after delivery. The raw crabs were prepared by extracting and assembling their internal organs, then homogenizing them using a homogenizer (homogenizer stirrer, Daihan Scientific Co., Wonju, Republic of Korea) and dividing them into 3 g samples [ 9 , 17 ]. Every sample was placed in a Petri dish (30 × 30, L × W mm).…”

“…4 (6.5 log copy/μL) and (CHC Lab Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea) for 1 h to allow the HNV GII. 4 to absorb the sample in clean bench (CHC Lab Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea) [ 11 , 17 ].…”

Effect of dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma on the bruise susceptibility of plum fruit

“…Plasma is produced using exposing gas to an electric field. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) produces cold plasma that can be used at both low and atmospheric pressure (Kim et al, 2021). The DBD method has been used to improve the quality and shelf‐life of different agricultural products such as fresh‐cut apples (Ramazzina et al, 2016), tomato (Ali et al, 2021; Ranjitha Gracy et al, 2019), pear (Berardinelli et al, 2012), strawberry (Ahmadnia et al, 2021; Rana et al, 2020), kiwifruit (Ramazzina et al, 2015) and mushroom (Gavahian et al, 2020).…”