Combinatorial Methods in Catalysis and Materials Science

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Enzyme Mimetics and Metal Complexes as Enzyme Mimetics 2.1. Combinatorial Libraries of Catalysts as Enzyme Mimetics 2.2. Combinatorial Synthesis Enzyme Mimetics 2.2.1. Hydrolytically Active Metal Complexes 2.2.2. Evolutionary Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oxygenase Mimics 2.2.3. Libraries of Organic Acylation Catalysts 3. Combinatorial Catalysis in Asymmetric Synthesis 3.1. Combinatorial Catalyst Libraries in Enantioselective Additions of Dialkylzinc Reagents 3.2. Ligands for the Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza Diels ‐ Alder Reaction 3.3. Divergent Ligand Synthesis for Enantioselective Alkylations 3.4. Chiral Phosphine Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation 3.5. Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Schiff Base‐Type Ligands: the Positional Scanning Approach 3.6. Identification of Novel Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidations by the Positional Scanning Approach 4. Multidimensional Combinatorial Screening for the Identification of Novel Catalysts 4.1. Catalyst Discovery and Optimization Using Catalyst Arrays 4.2. Parallel Array Screening for Catalyst Optimization Using Discovery and Focused Ligand Libraries 5. One‐Pot, Multi‐Substrate Screening 6. Combinatorial Approaches to Olefin Polymerization Catalysts 7. Combinatorial Inorganic Catalysis 7.1. Combinatorial Libraries of Homogeneous Polyoxometalate‐Based Catalysts 7.2. Combinatorial Libraries and High‐Throughput Screening of Heterogenous Polyoxometalate Catalysts 8. Combinatorial Heterogeneous Catalysis 8.1. Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane 8.2. Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane 8.3. Catalytic Oxidation of CO and Reduction of NO 9. Combinatorial Electrocatalysis 9.1. Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells 9.2. Combinatorial Electrosynthesis 10. High‐throughput Screening Tools for Catalysis 11. Combinatorial Solid‐State Materials Science 11.1. Materials Library Synthesis 11.1.1. Vapor Deposition Techniques 11.1.2. Alternative Library Synthesis Techniques 11.2. High‐Throughput Screening for Materials 11.2.1. Optical Screening 11.2.2. X‐Ray Characterization 11.3. Applications of Materials 11.3.1. Superconductivity 11.3.2. Ferromagnetic Semiconductors 11.3.3. Magnetoresistant Materials 11.3.4. Dielectric and Ferroelectric Materials 11.3.5. Luminescent Materials 12. Organic Materials and Polymers 12.1. Schiff Bases for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Materials 12.2. Artificial Receptors for Small Organic Molecules 12.3. New Materials for the Separation of Enantiomers 12.4. Molecular Imprinting 12.5. Polymer Topologies and Functionalization 13. Summary and Outlook

Multiple Automated Reactor Systems (MARS). 1. A Novel Reactor System for Detailed Testing of Gas-Phase Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysts

“…These internal company developments involving robotic catalyst library generation, rapid catalyst screening, and MARS detailed catalyst evaluation occurred over the past decade in parallel with external developments in the field of combinatorial heterogeneous catalysis. [37][38][39][40][41] The findings are consistent with various reports from a recent symposium that was focused on reaction engineering aspects of catalytic process development 42 in which the serial approach is being replaced, with a few exceptions, by parallel testing of multiple catalyst samples using combinatorial techniques. The combinatorial methodology can be viewed as an integral part of the total catalyst invention process where various activities focused on discovery, development, and commercialization occur simultaneously through a series of three interacting cycles.…”

Microreactor technology and process miniaturization for catalytic reactions—A perspective on recent developments and emerging technologies

“…The field of combinatorial chemistry as applied to catalysts was still in its infancy when the first wave of microreactors were being built more than 10 years ago, but it was apparent even then that massively parallel testing of catalysts favors smaller reactor sizes (Brummer et al, 2003;Moulijn et al, 2003;Stankiewicz and Moulijn, 2000). Although there are many screening techniques that do not use microreactors per se, one will eventually be needed at some stage for catalyst performance evaluation.…”

“…Microreactor-based tools are already well demonstrated as stand-alone devices for high-throughput catalyst screening and combinatorial materials science (Bergh et al, 2000;Brummer et al, 2003;Maier, 2004;Murphy, 2007;Scheidtmann et al, 2001;Takeuchi et al, 2005). Due to increased process intensification offered by MRT, more traditional pilot-scale reactor systems and pilot plant systems may be replaced, at least in some cases, by smaller, faster responding, more flexible mini-plants with reduced capital and operating costs (Charpentier, 2005;Commenge et al, 2002;Hessel, 2005a;Mae, 2007;Pennemann et al, 2004a, b).…”