Combined and isolated effects of ammonia and nitrite on Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) juveniles

Brazão, Claudia Caramelo; Kracizy, Rafael Ortiz; Dutra, Fabrício Martins; Oliveira, Ana Paula de; Silva, Rafael Itamar da; Ballester, Eduardo Luís Cupertino

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736204

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…When relating mortality results to Iorg, it can be seen that there was an increase in changes caused by the increase in the concentrations of total ammonia and nitrite alone. Similar results to the one found in this study were also observed by Dutra et al (2017) and Brazão et al (2021) and for juveniles of the same species. The high presence of inflammation and regressive damage in both studies reflects a defence response of the organism in order to decrease the vulnerable surface area of the gills and increase the diffusion barrier against the toxic agent (Erkmen and Kolankaya, 2000;Werner, 2010;Negro et al, 2011;Vegad, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Antagonism was also observed by Brazão et al (2021) with M. amazonicum juveniles exposed to total ammonia and nitrite for 96 h. The same effect of the interaction between total ammonia and nitrite is described for L. vannamei after 48 h of exposure (Schuler et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Brazão et al. (2021) found LC 50 96h values of 29.85 and 2.49 mg/L for total ammonia and nitrite, respectively. The variation in LC 50 96h values observed between the works may be related to the size of the animals (8.2 g in the present work).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(2016a, 2016b) used adult animals weighing approximately 6.2 g. Brazão et al. (2021) worked with juveniles weighing approximately 1.8 g. Larger animals may be more affected by a toxic agent because they have a larger body surface area and more accelerated metabolism due to reproductive aspects (Romano and Zeng, 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some studies on water quality already show safe lethal concentration and safety level data for ammonia or nitrite alone for the production of M. amazonicum (Dutra et al, 2016a(Dutra et al, , 2016b, little is known about the combined effect of these compounds (Brazão et al, 2021). When combined, ammonia and nitrite can present a synergistic, antagonistic or additive effect (Rand et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gill and haematological alterations in Macrobrachium amazonicum adults in acute exposure to ammonia and nitrite isolated and combined

Dutra

Juvenal

Forneck

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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The present study evaluated the isolated and combined effect of total ammonia and nitrite on Macrobrachium amazonicum adults through the median lethal concentration (LC5096h), histological analysis of gills and total and differential haemolymph cell counts. Prawns (n = 640; 9.8 ± 0.9 cm and 8.22 ± 1.29 g) were subjected to an entirely randomised design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme. Individuals were exposed to total ammonia (0, 18, 36 and 72 mg/L) and nitrite (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) alone and in combination. Interaction between the compounds was determined by summing the additivity of the substances (S) and by calculating the additivity index (AI). The LC5096h of isolated compounds was 27.98 mg/L for total ammonia and 1.87 mg/L for nitrite. Total ammonia and nitrite combined showed an LC5096h of 22.36 and 1.17 mg/L, respectively. The sum of additivity ranged from 2.70 to 1.42 and the AI indicated that the toxicity of the mixture was 1.70 to 0.42 times lower, indicating an antagonistic effect of the compounds. High total haemocyte counts (THC) were observed at the higher concentrations of both compounds at a shorter exposure time. Reduction in THC was observed in the treatments with a longer exposure time. Differential haemocyte counts were similar between treatments. Increases in the extent of regressive damage and organ index (Iorg) values occurred with increasing concentrations of isolated total ammonia and nitrite. Mild to moderate presence of progressive damage was observed at intermediate combined concentrations, which elevated the Iorg values. The interaction of total ammonia and nitrite promoted a reduction in mortality compared to treatment with the isolated compounds. Thus, the results obtained guide decision‐making in production systems, which are currently based on studies where the compounds were evaluated acting in isolation.

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