Combined Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Hispidulin and p-Synephrine on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Abstract

Hispidulin is abundant in Arrabidaea chica, Crossostephium chinense, and Grindelia argentina, among others. p-Synephrine is the main phytochemical constituent of Citrus aurantium. It has been used in combination with various other phytochemicals to determine synergistic effects in studies involving human participants. However, there have been no reports comparing the anti-adipogenic effects of the combination of hispidulin and p-synephrine. The current study explores the anti-adipogenic effects of hispidulin alone and in combination with p-synephrine in a murine preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1. Co-treatment resulted in a greater inhibition of the formation of red-labeled lipid droplets than the hispidulin or p-synephrine-alone treatments. Co-treatment with hispidulin and p-synephrine also significantly inhibited adipogenic marker proteins, including Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinases, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, glucocorticoid receptor, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β. Although further studies are required to assess the effects of each drug on pharmacokinetic parameters, a combination treatment with hispidulin and p-synephrine may be a potential alternative strategy for developing novel anti-obesity drugs.

The effects of a thermogenic supplement on metabolic and hemodynamic variables and subjective mood states

“…Bitter orange (p-synephrine) has a chemical structure that is similar to ephedrine, and its proposed mechanism of action in humans involves adipogenesis-related protein suppression [CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)] [ 23 ]. Furthermore, calcium and cAMP signaling pathways and targeting adrenergic receptors [ 24 ] are also related to the anti-adipogenic effect of p-synephrine. Bitter orange extract has been deemed safe for humans to consume both alone and combined with caffeine at rest [ 25 ] as well as during exercise [ 26 ].…”

Untargeted Metabolomic Analyses and Antilipidemic Effects of Citrus Physiological Premature Fruit Drop

“…According to the DPPH radical scavenging activity, the antioxidant values of DDPD, OGPD, CJPD, HYPD, and XYPD were 165.42 ±11. 40 2A). The DDPD and HYPD exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity but were not significantly different from one another.…”

p-Synephrine ameliorates alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus through inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via suppressing the NF-kappa B and MAPK pathways

“…11 Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed the low toxicity and multiple beneficial effects of p-synephrine. [12][13][14][15] In particular, p-synephrine has been popularly used as a dietary supplement to replace ephedrine for weight loss management. 16 However, to the best of our knowledge, few research studies are available describing its hypoglycemic effects.…”