Combined Application of Nanotechnology and Multiple Therapies with Tumor Immune Checkpoints

Abstract

Tumor immunotherapy has received worldwide attention in cancer treatment owing to its apparent advantages, such as strong specificity and long curative effect. Among them, significant progress has been made on the immune checkpoint therapy in recent years. FDA approved PD‐L1/PD‐1 and CTLA‐4 immune checkpoint inhibitors have been broadly used in a variety of malignant tumors. However, because of the low response rate of immune checkpoint drugs, its clinical application has been greatly hindered. With the prominence of nanotechnology in bio‐medicine, the application of nanotechnology in immune checkpoints has also gained more and more attention. The combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, phototherapy, magnetic therapy and other methods in nanotechnology makes an excellent promoting effect in the treatment of immune checkpoint drugs. This article reviews the recent breakthroughs of nanotechnology in immune checkpoint blocking therapy, mainly focusing on the significant advantages of the combination of nanotechnology‐based immune checkpoint blocking therapy with other treatment methods. In addition, we also discussed the challenges in this area and pointed out some potential directions for future development.

Nanoparticle-based immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer

“…Overall, the use of NPs could address many of the weaknesses of modern anti-cancer therapy ( Park et al, 2018 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Mitchell et al, 2021 ). Comprehensive overviews on nanoparticle-based immunomodulatory strategies and their application in the therapy of various diseases including (metastatic) cancer, have already been provided elsewhere ( Feng et al, 2019 ; Yu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). In the first part of the present review we summarize the challenges of immunotherapy specific to PC, briefly evaluating the shortcomings that could potentially be compensated using modern nanomedicine.…”

Chemodynamic Therapy Combined with Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Tumor Treatment

“…[42] Furthermore, the main obstacle of the CDT lies in the low production efficiency of ROS in the microenvironment of tumor cells and the existence of reactive solid oxygen defense mechanisms. [43] The potential toxicity effect and the biological compatibility of nanomaterials were also imperative for further optimization and consideration in clinic tumor treatment. [44] In the past few years, many researchers have broadened the application range of Fenton reaction, starting with various conditions that may affect the reaction, thereby further improving the reaction efficiency.…”