Combined differentiation in European defense: tailoring Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) to strategic and political complexity

Martill, Benjamin; Gebhard, Carmen

doi:10.1080/13523260.2022.2155360

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…While PESCO is the only mechanism that has been activated so far, this arrangement has been de facto employed to strengthen cooperation among essentially all member states rather than a differentiation among them (Sus, 2023;Martill & Gebhard, 2023). i Furthermore, formal DC may originate from programs of cooperation relying on differentiation (Leruth, 2023).…”

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, informal DC may occur within formalized institutional settings relying on member states and EU institutions' differentiated engagement. PESCO is a clear example of such a combined DC (Martill & Gebhard, 2023). As mentioned above, although PESCO should have served as a treaty-based mechanism for strengthening member states' cooperation in the security and defense field, almost all member states decided to join it.…”

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Still, this mechanism embodies differentiated elements of cooperation in its operational functioning. Such elements include selective membership, project clustering, third-country openness and, relation to non-EU platforms (Martill & Gebhard, 2023).…”

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In any case, it has implications for the agency of other actors working in the field of the EU foreign policy such as the European Commission and the High Representative as a supranational agent (Sus, 2023). At the formal level, internal DC may emerge through the activation of formal mechanisms that envisage member states' differentiated engagements to integrated efforts, such as PESCO (Martill & Gebhard, 2023) or the Battlegroups (Article 5). At the same time, at the informal level, internal DC may also originate from the activity of informal groups of member states, and occasionally EU institutions, in institutionalized international cooperation settings.…”

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first four papers tackle the drivers, modes, and implications of DC within and across various sectors of EU foreign policy. The authors examine the emergence of informal groupings in the EU approach to conflicts and crisis management (Amadio Viceré, 2023); explore the structure of delegation from the members states to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission and its implications for the agency of the post-holders with regard to informal groupings (Sus, 2023); discuss the only example of treaty-based formal differentiated cooperation in EU security and defense (Martill & Gebhard, 2023); and identify what drives political parties and governments of Nordic countries to support the participation of their countries in EU Battlegroups (Leruth, 2023). The following two papers complement the analysis by reflecting on the driving forces, modes, and implications of DC in multilateral settings.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Differentiated cooperation as the mode of governance in EU foreign policy

Viceré

Sus

2023

Contemporary Security Policy

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Manuscript -with author detailsWhile the standard conceptualization of differentiation in the European Union (EU) focuses on differentiated integration, scholars devote less attention to differentiated cooperation. This article argues, on the contrary, that member states' engagement in differentiated efforts in EU foreign policy manifest themselves both in the form of differentiated integration and cooperation. It elaborates an original conceptual framework for exploring differentiated cooperation as a mode of governance. Drawing on the articles in this special issue, this introduction maps empirical manifestations of differentiated cooperation in various areas and dimensions of EU foreign policy. The results of the special issue show that differentiated cooperation has mostly manifested itself in informal patterns of cooperation, with the treaty-based mechanisms being limited. As such, the special issue reflects the differentiation and informalization processes occurring not only in the EU, but also in global governance more broadly.

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Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptualizing Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differentiated cooperation as the mode of governance in EU foreign policy

Viceré

Sus

2023

Contemporary Security Policy

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Strategic Autonomy in Security and Defence as an Impracticability? How the European Union’s Rhetoric Meets Reality

Michaels,

Sus

2024

The European Union in International Affairs

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This chapter investigates debates on European Strategic Autonomy (ESA), viewing ESA as the main response of the European Union and its members to the fragmentation of the Liberal International Order in security and defence. By tracing the evolution of EU and national approaches to three main strands of the debates (defence industry, crisis management, and relations with global powers), we argue that the lack of an EU-wide permissive consensus about the direction and applicability of ESA rendered this impracticable. A handful of EU actors believed this could be an effective answer but the majority of member states were less keen to breathe life into the idea: whereas lip service to a vague concept was acceptable, committing to its implementation was not.

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