Bottom-up fatigue cracking (i.e., alligator cracking) in MechanisticEmpirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is predicted based on accumulated damage caused by repeated traffic loading only. Since the number of thermal expansion and contraction is small compared to the number of traffic loads, MEPDG does not consider damage due to thermal expansion and contraction in fatigue cracking calculation of an asphalt pavement. However, thermal damage may be significant and possibly causes premature failure of asphalt pavement especially in zones where daynight and yearly temperature variations are relatively large. This study measures thermal fatigue damage at the bottom of an asphalt concrete and hence, the fatigue life of asphalt concrete using data from an instrumentation pavement section on Interstate 40 (I-40) in New Mexico. As a first step, fatigue models are developed for both vehicle and thermal loads based on laboratory beam fatigue test results. In the second step, using the field-measured strain and modulus values, fatigue damages due to vehicle load and temperature fluctuations are determined. Results show that damages due to traffic load and daily and yearly temperature fluctuations are 62, 5, and 33 % of the total fatigue damage, respectively, in 1-year analysis based on a specific site in New Mexico. Therefore, this study suggests that pavement design should consider fatigue damage due to temperature load in addition to damage due to repeated traffic loading.