“…Finally, the increasing evidence toward idiopathic PAP being an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies directed against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has prompted the use of exogenous GM-CSF (earlier by subcutaneous route and more recently by inhalation) in the treatment of PAP. 10,11 However, until the benefits of GM-CSF therapy are definitely proven, anesthesiologists will have to face the challenges of managing patients undergoing WLL.…”